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Ophthalmology > Anatomy 1- The Eye and Orbit > Flashcards

Anatomy 1- The Eye and Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 bones which form the orbit?

A
  • Frontal
  • Zygomatic
  • Maxilla
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Lacrimal
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2
Q

What bone is closely associated to the orbit but doesn’t actually contribute to it?

A

Nasal bone

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3
Q

What bone are the optic canal and superior orbital fissure found in?

A

Sphenoid bone

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4
Q

The supraorbital notch/foramen is found in which bone?

A

Frontal bone

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5
Q

The infraorbital foramen is found in which bone?

A

Maxilla

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6
Q

What shape is the bony orbit said to be?

A

Pyramidal

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7
Q

What is the apex of the bony orbit?

Where is this apex located in relation to the opening of the orbit?

A

Optic canal- located medially to the opening of the orbit

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8
Q

What bone mainly forms the roof of the orbit?

What bone mainly forms the floor of the orbit?

A

Roof- frontal bone

Floor- maxilla

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9
Q

What bone mainly forms the lateral wall of the orbit?

What bone mainly forms the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Lateral- Sphenoid

Medial- Ethmoid

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10
Q

What is the base of the orbit known as? What forms this?

A

The orbital rim- formed from the superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins

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11
Q

How are the eyes protected from a direct blow?

A

They are protected by the orbital rim, as anything larger than the diameter between the superior and inferior orbital margins cannot fit

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12
Q

Which is more anterior, the superior or inferior margin?

A

Superior

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13
Q

Which parts of the orbit are very thin and can be affected by orbital blowout fractures?

A

Medial wall and orbital floor

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14
Q

Is the orbital rim affected by orbital blowout fractures?

A

No

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15
Q

What are some complications of orbital blowout fractures?

A

The orbital contents can become trapped, and the infraorbital NVB can be damaged (causing a sensory deficit to the facial skin)

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16
Q

Fractured zygoma tend to rotate in what direction?

What does this result in?

A

They rotate medially, towards the floor. This can result in diplopia (double vision)

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17
Q

What is the first layer of the eyelid, beyond the skin?

A

Orbicularis oculi muscle

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18
Q

What are the two parts of the orbicularis oculi known as?

Which part is directly on the eyelids?

A

Orbital and palpebral parts- the palpebral part lies directly over the eyelids

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19
Q

What type of muscle is the orbicularis oculi?

What nerve supplies it?

A

Skeletal muscle, supplied by the facial nerve

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20
Q

What is the orbital septum?

A

A sheet of fascia which helps prevent spread of infection from superficial to deep

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21
Q

What are tarsi?

A

Dense connective tissue bands

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22
Q

What do tarsal glands secrete?

What is their function?

A

They secrete lipids which stop the eyes from sticking together and prevent overflowing of tears

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23
Q

Where does the tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris attach?
What type of muscle is this?
What is its action?
What can it also be known as?

A

Superior tarsus
Smooth muscle
Elevates the eyelid
Muller’s muscle

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24
Q

What covers the iris?

A

Cornea

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25
Q

Does the conjunctiva have vessels within it?

Where does it cover?

A

Yes it has vessels

Covers the sclera

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26
Q

Is there vasculature in the cornea?

A

No

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27
Q

At what aspect of the eye are lacrimal glands found?

Where does fluid from here pass into?

A

Lateral aspect

Puncta

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28
Q

What is the coloured part of the eye known as?

A

Iris

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29
Q

What is the black circle in the middle of the iris known as?
What is the function of this structure?
What type of nervous system supplies this?

A

Pupil
Light passes through to reach the retina
Autonomic

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30
Q

What is the nerve supply to the lacrimal glands?

A

Facial nerve (parasympathetics)

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31
Q

Once lacrimal fluid has passed through the lacrimal puncta, where does it eventually reach?

A

Inferior meatus

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32
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain into?

A

The nasal cavity

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33
Q

What are the names of the three layers of the eye, from outer to inner?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Uvea (vascular)
  • Retina
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34
Q

What two things are found in the fibrous outer layer of the eye?

A

Sclera (muscle attachment)

Cornea

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35
Q

What three things are found in the uvea of the eye?

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid

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36
Q

What are some functions of the ciliary body?

A

Controls the iris, shape of the lens and secretion of aqueous humour

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37
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Allow nutrition and gas exchange

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38
Q

What are 3 structures found in the retina layer of the eye which are important to know?

A

Retina, macula, optic disc

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39
Q

The eye is divided into two segments, what are these?

Where are each of them found?

A

Anterior- in front of lens

Posterior- behind lens

40
Q

What is the anterior segment further divided into?

A

Anterior and posterior chambers

41
Q

Where is the anterior chamber found?

Where is the posterior chamber found?

A

Anterior- between cornea and iris

Posterior- between iris and suspensory ligaments

42
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligaments?

A

Attach the lens to the ciliary body

43
Q

What type of humour does the anterior segment contain?

A

Aqueous

44
Q

What type of humour does the posterior segment contain?

A

Vitreous

45
Q

A slit lamp views what part of the eye?

A

Anterior segment

46
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Clouding of the lens

47
Q

What is the ciliary body composed of?

A

Ciliary (smooth) muscles and blood vessels

48
Q

What specific part of the ciliary body secretes aqueous humour?

A

Ciliary processes (internal foldings)

49
Q

Aqueous humour circulates through which chamber of the eye first? What structure does it nourish here?

A

Posterior- nourishes the lens

50
Q

What structure does aqueous humour nourish in the anterior chamber?

A

Cornea

51
Q

Where is aqueous humour reabsorbed?

A

Scleral venous sinus at the iridocorneal angle

52
Q

Constant production and reabsorption of aqueous humour controls what?

A

Intra-ocular pressure

53
Q

The ophthalmic artery is a brach of what?

A

Internal carotid artery

54
Q

What is an end artery?

A

The only blood supply to an area of tissue, if occlusion was to occur the tissue wouldn’t survive

55
Q

What is an example of an end artery (and corresponding vein) in the eye?

A

Central artery and vein of the retina

56
Q

What do the central artery/vein of the retina run within?

A

The optic nerve

57
Q

The inferior ophthalmic vein drains mainly into where?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein

58
Q

The superior ophthalmic vein drains into where?

A

Cavernous sinus

59
Q

What is the posterior area of the retina where light is focused known as?

A

The fundus

60
Q

What are the 3 parts of the fundus?

A

Optic disc, macula and fovea

61
Q

The optic disc is the site of formation of what nerve?

A

Optic nerve (CNII)

62
Q

What is the only point of entry/exit for blood vessels and CNII nerve axons?

A

Optic disc

63
Q

The optic disc has no photoreceptors. What is the clinical relevance of this?

A

It is a blind spot

64
Q

Which part of the retina has the greatest density of cones?

A

Macula

65
Q

Which part of the retina is the centre of the macula and is the area of most acute vision?

A

Fovea

66
Q

What is the most posterior layer of the retina?

A

The photoreceptors

67
Q

What layer of the retina lies anterior to the photoreceptor cells?

A

Ganglion cells

68
Q

What is the most anterior layer of the retina?

A

Axons of ganglion cells

69
Q

Where do the retinal vein and arteries lie in relation to the retina?

A

Anterior

70
Q

Complete interruption of flow in a retinal artery/vein branch will cause what?

A

Visual loss in the specific area of the visual field which corresponds to that area of ischaemia

71
Q

Complete interruption of flow to the central artery or vein will cause what?

A

Monocular blindness

72
Q

Light from objects in the right visual field will be processed where?

A

Left visual cortex

73
Q

Light from objects in the lower visual field is processed by what?

A

The upper part of the primary visual cortex

74
Q

Light from the temporal retina passes the optic chiasm at what side?

A

The same side it originated from

75
Q

Light from the nasal retina passes the optic chaise at what side?

A

The opposite side it originated form (it crosses over)

76
Q

How many extra-ocular skeletal muscles are there?

A

7

77
Q

Where do all the extra-ocular skeletal muscles originate from?
Where do they insert?
What is the exception to this?

A

Originate from a common tendinous ring.

Insert onto sclera (except LPS)

78
Q

How many rectus intra-ocular muscles are there? What are they known as?

A

4 (superior, inferior, medial and lateral)

79
Q

How many oblique intra-ocular muscles are there? What are they known as?

A

2 (superior and inferior)

80
Q

Where does the superior oblique muscle come from?

A

Sphenoid bone

81
Q

Where does the superior oblique muscle pass through, to allow it to pass through the eye at an acute angle?

A

Trochlea

82
Q

What is the best way to remember the innervation of the intra-ocular muscles?

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

83
Q

What intra-ocular muscle does CNVI supply?

A

Lateral rectus

84
Q

What intra-ocular muscle does CNIV supply?

A

Superior oblique

85
Q

What nerve supplies all the intra-ocular muscles except the lateral rectus and superior oblique?

A

CNIII

86
Q

The vertical axis of the eye allows what movements?

A

Abduction and adduction

87
Q

The transverse axis of the eye allows what movements?

A

Elevation and depression

88
Q

The anteroposterior axis of the eye allows what movements?

A

Intorsion/extorsion

89
Q

What two intra-ocular muscles only have 1 movement?

A

Medial and lateral rectus

90
Q

What is the only movement of the lateral rectus?

This brings the eye into the same plane as what muscles?

A

Abduction.

Brings into the plane of superior and inferior rectus

91
Q

Once the eye is in abduction, what are the only movements of the superior and inferior rectus?

A

Superior- elevates eye

Inferior- depresses eye

92
Q

What is the only movement of the medial rectus?

This brings the eye into the same plane as what muscles?

A

Adduction.

Brings into the plane of the superior and inferior obliques.

93
Q

Once the eye is in adduction, what are the only movements of the superior and inferior obliques?

A

Superior- depresses eye

Inferior- elevates eye

94
Q

The superior rectus and inferior oblique act synergistically to produce what movement?
They act as antagonists to what movement?

A

Synergists- elevation of the eyes

Antagonists- rotation of the eyes

95
Q

The superior oblique and inferior rectus act synergistically to produce what movement?
They act as antagonists to what movement?

A

Synergists- depress the eyes

Antagonists- adduction/abduction

Ophthalmology (12 decks)

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