Anatomical pathology Flashcards
True or false
MRI can detect stroke at a very early stage (30min)
by mapping the motion of water molecules in the
tissue.
true
T1-weughted vs T2-weighted
T1-weighted: CSF is black
T2- weighted: CSF is white
Where is CT able to detect patholgy:
CT is particularly good for haemorrhage, trauma or fracture to the
skull and for hydrocephalus
Where is CT able to detect patholgy:
CT is particularly good for haemorrhage, trauma or fracture to the
skull and for hydrocephalus
CT vs MRI
CT: uses radiation
MRI: shows detail cortex and white mater
Circle of Willis
Name 4 important arteries of this structure.
ACA
MCA
PCA
Vertebral artery
Give clinical presentention of ischemia caused by ACA occlusion
Hemiparesis
Hemianesthesia
apraxia
apathy
Ischemia: Clinical presentations
Basal ganglia–>
Internal capsule —>
Optic tract —>
Thalamus–>
Basal ganglia–> Hypokinesia
Internal capsule —> hemiparesis
Optic tract —> hemianopsia
Thalamus–> hemianesthesia
Most common site affected by watershed infarcts:
Cortical border zone between ACA and MCA
Stroke vs TIA
a neurological disability (presumed to be cerebro-vascular)
lasting longer than 24 hrs.
* TIA (reversible, <24 hrs)
name 5 modifiable risk factors of stroke:
Hypertension
* Diabetes mellitus
* Heart disease (IHC, CM, CCF, AF)
* Smoking
name 4 non-modifiable risk factors of stroke.
- Age, gender
- Race
- Personal or family history of stroke or TIA
- Brain aneurysms or AVMs
common site of pale infarcts
End of arterial territory
most causes of haemorrhagic infarcts
- Reperfusion of pale infarct
- Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis
- Poor perfusion over area of arterial territory
- Selective vulnerability of cortical neurons
- Loss of neurons (glia and vessels still viable) with thinning of the cortex
- Not true infarction
Laminar necrosis:
Intracerebral haemorrhage
in 60s
Spontaneous (non-traumatic) cases occur in 60s
Causes:
* Hypertension (basal ganglia, thalamus, pons, cerebellum)
* Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) – amyloidogenic peptides
deposited in walls of medium and small meningeal and cortical
vessels – lobar haemorrhages
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms
causes
Hypertension affects deep penetrating arteries and arterioles
Lists common sites Charcot-Bouchard complication (3)
- Basal ganglia, hemispheric white matter, brain stem
Subarachnoid haemorrhage:
Causes:
* Rupture of saccular (berry) aneurysm
* Vascular malformation
* Trauma
* Extension of intracerebral haemorrhage
* Haematological disturbances
* Tumours
