Anatomical changes of growth and development Flashcards
Primary ossification centre
In long bones is in diaphysis
Secondary ossification centre
Forms epiphysis and lengthens bones - growth plates
How do secondary ossification centres appear on x-ray?
Little white dots above the bones
Why do babies have intra-abdominal bladders/uteruses?
very small pelvis
Achondroplasia
Short-limb dwarfism
G380R mutation in FGFR3
Autosomal dominant condition affecting the conversion of cartilage to bone growth
Sx: short stature, hypoplasia, macrocephaly, trident-like hands
Rhizomelic
Proximal line shortening
Mesomelic
Middle segment shortening
Acromelic
Distal segment shortening
Hypochondroplasia
Mutation in FGFR3 gene
Milder sc than achondroplasia
Gigantism
Too much GH or IGF-1 in puberty (before epiphyseal plates fuse)
Sx: extreme height, large organs/muscles/hand and feet
Acromegaly
Too much GH after epiphyseal closure
Commonly caused by pituitary tumour
Causes big hands and feet, coarse facial features/thick nose/big tongue/hirsutism
Craniosynostosis
Premature fusion of sutures - affects cranial shape and brain growth
When do you begin to grow teeth ?
6 months
When do you start to lose teeth
6 years
Mandibular development
Mandible starts as two halves until 2 years old
Fused by symphysis meant
Mandible covers teeth
How do breasts develop in puberty ?
Oestrogen surge stimulates stromal and parenchymal growth - increased adipose tissue increases size - causes parenchymal development
Parenchymal growth causes ductal elongation and lactation
Osteoarthritis
- Degenerative joint disorder caused by loss of hyaline cartilage
- Sx: loss of joint space, osteophytes, subchondral cysts/sclerosis
- Knees, hips, DIPS, PIPs, thumb, CMC
- Pain worse on movement/end of day
- Stiffness worse after rest
- Heberdens nodes (DIP) and Bouchard’s nodes (PIP)
- Mx: rest, analgesia, physiotherapy, walking aids, steroid injections, stem cell therapy, surgery
Osteoporosis
progressive skeletal systemic disease caused by reduced bone mass and deterioration
Caused by steroids, hyperthyroidism, age, thin, testosterone low, early menopause, renal failure, erosive bone disease, dietary calcium low
Cervical spondylosis
- Disc degeneration with herniation of disc material, calcification and osteophytosis
- Leads to radiculopathy and myelopathy
- Sx: neck stiffness +/- crepitus, stabbing arm pain, upper limb motor and sensory disturbance
Solar keratosis
Can progress to SCC, monitor and treat with fluorouracil
BCC
Can become invasive, usually removed with surgery or trearment with fluorouracil
Seborrheic keratosis
Not pathological, normal part of ageing
