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Neurology Board Review > Anatomic Syndromes > Flashcards

Anatomic Syndromes Flashcards

1
Q

Function of orbitofrontal area:

A

Voluntary action
Decision making
Socially appropriate behavior

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2
Q

Symptoms of orbitofrontal syndrome:

A

Socially inappropriate behavior:
- Witzelsucht (joking addiction)
- Disinhibition
- Echopraxia
- Utilization behavior

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3
Q

What is utilization behavior?

A

Reaching out and using objects in the environment in an automatic manner
Reflexive picking up a cup and drinking out of it

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4
Q

Function of the dorsolateral frontal area:

A

Executive functions, working memory, and selective attention

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5
Q

Symptoms of convexity syndrome:

A

Poor attention, motor programming, and immediate recall

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6
Q

What test is good for evaluation of dorsolateral abnormalities?

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

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7
Q

Mesial frontal cortex function:

A

Mediates motivated behavior, such as initiation of movement or speech

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8
Q

Symptoms of mesial frontal cortex syndrome (also known as anterior cingulate circuit syndrome)

A

Amotivation, apathy, and akinesis
B/l lesions - akinetic mutism
Patients can be incontinent and may only eat or drink when fed

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9
Q

What is the treatment for mesial frontal cortex syndrome?

A

Methylphenidate

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10
Q

Where is the lesion in a Broca’s aphasia?

A

Posterior inferior frontal gyrus

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11
Q

Where is the lesion in kluver-bucy syndrome?

A

Bilateral temporal lesions involving the amygdala

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12
Q

What the symptoms of kluver-bucy syndrome?

A

Hypermetamorphosis (urge to touch everything), compulsive eating, and hypersexuality

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13
Q

What is prosopagnosia/visual agnosia?

A

Failure to identify objects and faces by visual identification

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14
Q

What is the capgras delusion?

A

Variant of prosopagnosia in which the patient believes that a friend, spouse, or a close family member has been replaced by an impostor

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15
Q

Lesion in capgras delusion:

A

Fusiform gyrus; occipito-temporal cortex

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16
Q

Apperceptive prosopagnosia:

A

Impaired object recognition. They are unable to recognize faces. However, they may be able to recognize people based on non-face clues

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17
Q

Lesion in apperceptive prosopagnosia:

A

Right occipital-temporal area

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18
Q

Associative prosopagnosia:

A

Impaired object identification. Can copy images but can not identify an image.

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19
Q

Symptoms of associative prosopagnosia:

A

Right anterior temporal area, more often bilateral.

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20
Q

Lesion in Wernicke’s Aphasia:

A

Superior temporal gyrus

21
Q

Agraphesthesia

A

Inability to recognize letters or numbers drawn by fingertip on the patient’s skin

22
Q

Astereognosis

A

Inability to recognize an object by touch

23
Q

Ideomotorapraxia

A

Impaired understanding of tool functions
Can name a hammer but not what it does

24
Q

What is Gerstmann syndrome?

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left/right confusion

25
Q

Lesion in Gerstmann syndrome?

A

Dominant inferior parietal lobe
Dominant angular and supramarginal gyrus of the parietal lobe

26
Q

What is the triad of balint syndrome?

A

Optic ataxia: the inability to move the hand properly to perform voluntary tasks. Visually-guided hand movements are impaired.
Oculomotor apraxia: the inability to voluntarily fixate eyes to specific locations.
Simultagnosia: the inability to focus on multiple objects.

27
Q

Lesion location in balint syndrome:

A

Bilateral parietal-occipital lobes

28
Q

What could cause balint syndrome?

A

Watershed infarcts, multiple embolic strokes, or PRES

29
Q

Anton syndrome:

A

Cortical blindness
The patient has true blindness, but they deny the presence of this blindness

30
Q

Lesion in anton syndrome:

A

Bilateral posterior cerebral artery territory infarction

31
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Colorblindness

32
Q

Lesion in achromatopsia:

A

Inferior lip of the occipital lobe, often bilateral
Lesion to the thalamus

33
Q

What is limbic lobe syndrome?

A

Bilateral lesions in the anterior cingulate can cause akinesis and mutism

34
Q

Alexia without Agraphia

A

Inability to read, but with retained ability to write

35
Q

Lesion in what location can cause alexia w/o agraphia:

A

Splenium of the corpus callosum and unilateral occipital lobe

36
Q

What can cause alexia w/o agraphia?

A

Unilateral posterior cerebral artery stroke

37
Q

Limb Kinetic Apraxia lesion location:

A

Anterior corpus callosum

38
Q

What is limb kinetic apraxia?

A

Inability to perform tasks when asked

39
Q

Benedikt syndrome

A

Tegmentum midbrain
CN III palsy (ipsi)
Ataxia, tremor, weakness (contra)

40
Q

Claude syndrome

A

Tegmentum midbrain
CN III palsy (ipsi)
Ataxia, tremor, vertical gaze palsy (contra)

41
Q

Dejerine syndrome

A

Medial medulla
CN XIII palsy (ipsi)
Hemiplegia, +/- position/vibration loss (contra)

42
Q

Locked in syndrome

A

Central pons
B/l paralysis below neck

43
Q

Marie-Foix syndrome

A

Rostral pons, AICA and basilar perforators
Contralateral hypoesthesia to pain and temp (spinothalamic)
Ipsi ataxia (MCP)
Contra hemiparesis (corticospinal)

44
Q

Mollaret’s syndrome

A

Dentate nucleus, inferior olive, red nucleus
Palatal myoclonus

45
Q

Millard-Gubler syndrome

A

Caudal medial pons
CN VI and VII palsy (ipsi)
Weakness (contra)

46
Q

Nothnagle syndrome

A

Tectum midbrain
CN III palsy (ipsi)
Ataxia and vertical gaze palsy (contra)

47
Q

Parinaud syndrome

A

Dorsal midbrain
Paralysis of upward gaze and accommodation

48
Q

Wallenberg syndrome

A

Lateral Medulla
Ataxia, loss of pain and temp for face, weakness of soft pallet, larynx/pharynx, Horner’s (ipsi)
Loss of pain and temp for body (contra)

49
Q

Weber syndrome

A

Medial midbrain
CN III palsy (ipsi)
Weakness
Vertical gaze palsy (contra)

Neurology Board Review (16 decks)

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