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Neurology Board Review > Neuroanatomy basics > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy basics Flashcards

1
Q

Glial Cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

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2
Q

What is the largest glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

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3
Q

Functions of astrocytes:

A

Regulating interstitial fluid
Regulates blood flow based on neuron activity
Structural part of blood brain barrier
Nutritional support (glycogen storage)
Activates antioxidant pathways

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4
Q

How do astrocytes help remove excess glutamate and GABA from synapses?

A

Expresses the enzyme glutamate synthase

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5
Q

What does VEGF do?

A

Decreases the stability of the blood-brain barrier with inflammatory conditions and CNS tumors

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6
Q

What is the immunohistochemical staining for astrocytes?

A

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

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7
Q

What is the role of glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP)?

A

Makes up intracellular intermediate filaments located in astrocytic processes

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8
Q

Which cell is responsible for formation of myelin in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

Provides electrical insulation that allows for saltatory conduction

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10
Q

What is the stain to ID myelinated fibers?

A

Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining

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11
Q

Which disease process likely involves lytic infection of oligodendrocytes to induce demyelination?

A

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

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12
Q

Oligodendrogliomas have what classic appearance on histology?

A

Chicken wire

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13
Q

How do oligodendrocytes talk to astrocytes?

A

Direct cell-cell gap junctions

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14
Q

Which leukodystrophy is caused by mutations in GFAP gene?

A

Alexander disease

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of alexander disease?

A

Accumulation of abnormal filaments, Rosenthal fibers in astrocytes.
Leads to oligodendrocyte death and demyelination

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16
Q

What occurs at a cell level in osmotic demyelination syndrome?

A

Astrocyte death is observed before oligodendrocyte death and demyelination

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17
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Produces and facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Lines ventricles

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18
Q

What is the primary immune cell of the CNS?

A

Microglia?

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19
Q

How do microglia function?

A

Activates in response to tissue damage and ischemic injury
Becomes a motile, phagocytic cell (adept for neuronophagia) which forms reactive oxygen species and secretes cytokines and proteases

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20
Q

All glial and neuronal cells are derived from neural tube cells except:

A

Microglia

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21
Q

What is the function of neuronal cells?

A

Receiving, integrating, and propagating information to other cells

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22
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon

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23
Q

Which part of the neuron receives information from other neurons at synapses?

A

Dendrites

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24
Q

Basophilic clumps of polyribosomes in the cell body of a neuron are called:

A

Nissl bodies

25
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

Conducts information to muscles, glands, or neurons

26
Q

What is the prototype cerebral neuron that has large, triangular cell bodies seen in the cortex and hippocampus?

A

Pyramidal Cells

27
Q

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that control Purkinje cell activity in the cerebellum

A

Stellate Cells

28
Q

Upper motor neuron cells that are the largest neurons of the cerebral cortex

A

Betz Cells

29
Q

What cells are predominantly affected by motor neuron diseases such as ALS?

A

Betz cells

30
Q

Large distinct neurons in the cerebellum with a prominent pink cell body and extensive dendritic tree

A

Purkinje cells

31
Q

Which cells are lost in cerebellar degeneration syndromes?

A

Purkinje cells

32
Q

What stain can be used to easily seen neurons?

A

Silver staining

33
Q

What occurs when axons of nerve are damaged?

A

Wallerian degeneration

34
Q

Where do neurofibrillary tangles occur generally?

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Temporal association cortices

35
Q

Where do amyloid plaques occur generally?

A

Neocortex of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

36
Q

What does the integrity of the blood brain barrier depend on?

A

Close apposition of the astrocytic endfeet to blood capillaries, endothelial cells, and a thick basement membrane

37
Q

What cells for the inner walls of blood vessels and right junction in the BBB?

A

Endothelial cells

38
Q

Cytotoxic edema occurs due to…

A

Cellular swelling, membrane breakdown, and cell death

39
Q

Which areas of the brain lack a blood brain barrier?

A

Area postrema
Pineal gland
Posterior pituitary
Choroid plexus

40
Q

Where is the area postrema found?

A

Dorsomedial medulla

41
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus

42
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachnoid granulations

43
Q

What location is most CSF absorbed through (venous system)?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

44
Q

How much CSF is present in the ventricles and subarachnoid space at any given time?

A

150 mL

45
Q

How much CSF is produced in a day?

A

500 mL

46
Q

Path of CSF flow

A

Enters 3rd ventricle trough foramen of Monro, then cerebral aqueduct then 4th ventricle

47
Q

What causes hydrocephalous?

A

Excess production of CSF
Blockage of CSF circulation
Deficiency in CSF reabsorption

48
Q

What is the most common cause of hydrocephalous?

A

Obstruction

49
Q

What are the common causes of non-obstructive hydrocephalous?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Venous sinus thrombosis
Meningitis

50
Q

What is seen on MRI in ventriculitis?

A

Appears as fluid levels within the cortical sulci and within the posterior horns of the lateral ventricles

51
Q

3 layers of the cerebellar cortex

A

Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granular layer

52
Q

Which is the outmost layer of the cortex which consistent of inhibitory neurons?

A

Molecular layer

53
Q

What cells are in the molecular layer of the cortex?

A

Stellate and basket cells

54
Q

Which is the middle layer of the cortex with inhibitory neuros?

A

Purkinje layer

55
Q

What locations does the purkinje cells inhibit via cerebellar output?

A

Deep cerebellar and vestibular nucleus

56
Q

What is the innermost layer of the cortex?

A

Granular layer

57
Q

What does the granular layer of the cortex consist of?

A

Granule cells
Golgi interneuronsWh

58
Q

Which cells are the only cells that are excitatory in the corex?

A

Granular cells

Neurology Board Review (16 decks)

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