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Anato first semester 2023-24 > Anato Block II: Elbow > Flashcards

Anato Block II: Elbow Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the forearm?

A

radius and ulna

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2
Q

Where is radius and ulna located?

A

– Radius: Found on the lateral aspect of the forearm

– Ulna: Found on the medial aspect of the forearm

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3
Q

What is the function of the interosseous membrane?

A
  • Connects the radius and ulna
  • Transmit forces received by the radius (via the hands) to the ulna for
    transmission to the humerus
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4
Q

What are the 3 separate joints of the elbow?

A

humero-ulnar joint
humeroradial joint
proximal radio-ulnar joint

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5
Q

What is the function of the humero-ulnar joint?

A

Flexion and extension of the forearm

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6
Q

Where is the humero-ulnar joint located?

A

between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of ulna

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7
Q

What is the function of the Humeroradial joint?

A

-Flexion and extension of the forearm
-Supination and pronation

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8
Q

Where is the Humeroradial joint located?

A

Between the Capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius

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9
Q

Where is the proximal radio-ulnar joint located?

A

Between the radial notch of the ulna and the head of the radius

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10
Q

What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

pivot

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11
Q

What is the function of the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

pronation and supination

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12
Q

By what is the head of the radius attached to the ulna?

A

anular ligament

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13
Q

What does the anular ligament of radius do?

A

provide stability to radius and attaches radius to ulna

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14
Q

What is the radial collateral ligament?

A

located on the lateral side connects the humerus to the radius

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15
Q

what is the ulnar collateral ligament?

A

located medial, it has 3 bands:
-anterior band (cord-like)
-posterior band (fan-like)
-oblique band
[stability to humero-ulnar joint

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16
Q

What is the distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

The head of the ulna accommodates by
the ulnar notch of the radius

Fibrocartilaginous, triangular articular
disc of the distal radio-ulnar joint (sometimes referred as the “triangular ligament”) binds the ends of the ulna and radius together and is the main uniting structure of the joint

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17
Q

What are the flexors of the elbow?

A

-brachialis
-biceps brachi
-brachioradialis (in the absence of resistance)

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18
Q

What are the extensors of the elbow?

A

-triceps brachii assisted by aconeus

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19
Q

What are the supinators of the elbow?

A

-Supinator
-Biceps brachii

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20
Q

What are the pronators of the elbow?

A

-pronator teres (primary)
-pronator quadratus (secondary)

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21
Q

By what is the elbow joint supplied by?

A

The musculocutaneous, radial, and ulnar
nerves

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22
Q

Identify

A

Monteggia Fracture

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23
Q

How does Monteggia Fracture happen?

A

Occurs when the ulna is fracture, and the head of the radius is dislocated.

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24
Q

identify

A

olecranon fracure; humero-ulnar

25
Q

What are the types of bursitis of the elbow?

A

-subcutaneous olecranon bursitis (student’s elbow)
-Subtendinous olecranon bursitis

26
Q

Explain subcutaneous olecranon bursitis

A

-subcutaneous olecranon bursa is exposed to injury during falls on the elbow

-Repeated excessive pressure and friction may cause this bursa to become inflamed

-Occasionally, the bursa becomes infected and the area over the bursa becomes inflamed.

27
Q

identify

A

subcutaneous olecranon bursitis

28
Q

Explain subtendinous olecranon bursitis

A

-Less common

-Results from excessive friction between the triceps tendon and olecranon, for example, resulting from repeated flexion–extension of the forearm, as occurs during
certain assembly-line jobs.

-Pain is most severe during flexion of the forearm because of pressure exerted on the inflamed subtendinous olecranon bursa by the triceps tendon

29
Q

identify

A

Avulsion of media epicondyle

30
Q

Explain Avulsion of media epicondyle

A

– In children can result from a fall that causes severe abduction of the extended elbow
* An abnormal movement of this articulation
* The resulting traction on the ulnar collateral ligament pulls the medial epicondyle distally
* ulnar nerve is that it passes posterior to the medial epicondyle before entering the
forearm

– The anatomical basis of the avulsion is that the medial epicondyle may not fuse with the distal end of the humerus until up to age 20.
* Usually, fusion is complete radiographically at age 14 in females and age 16 in males

31
Q

What is Subluxation and dislocation of radial head (explain)

A

– AKA “nursemaid’s elbow” or “pulled
elbow”

– The child is suddenly lifted (jerked) by
the upper limb while the forearm is pronated
* Sudden pulling of the upper limb tears the distal attachment of the anular ligament, where it is loosely attached to the neck of the radius.

– Radial head then moves distally, partially
out of the “socket” formed by the anular
ligament
* The proximal part of the anular ligament may become trapped between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus causing pain

32
Q

Explain lateral epicondylitis

A

-Tennis elbow

– Painful musculoskeletal condition that may follow repetitive use of the superficial extensor muscles of the forearm.

– Pain is felt over the lateral epicondyle and radiates down the posterior surface of the forearm.

– People with elbow tendinitis often feel pain when they open a door.
* Repeated forceful flexion and extension of the wrist strain the attachment of the common extensor tendon, producing inflammation of the periosteum of the lateral epicondyle

33
Q

What are the compartments of the forearm?

A

flexor-pronator compartment
extensor-supinator compartment

34
Q

Which are the muscles of the SUPERFICIAL LAYER of the anterior compartment (flexor and pronator compartment) of forearm?

A

-pronator teres
-flexor carpi radialis
-palmaris longus
-flexor carpis ulnaris

35
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the muscles of the anterior compartment (superficial layer) and innevrvation?

A

common flexor tendon;

most are innervated by the median nerve

36
Q

Mention innervation and action of the pronator teres

A

ulnar head:
-innervation: median nerve (c6, C7)
-action: pronates/flexes forearm (at elbow)

humeral head:
-innerv: median nerve (c6, C7)
-action: pronates/flexes forearm (at elbow)

37
Q

Mention innervation and action of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR)

A

-innerv: median nerve (c6, C7)
-action: flexes/abducts hand (at wrist)

38
Q

Mention innervation and action of the palmaris longus

A

-innerv: median nerve (c7, c8)
-action: flexes hand at wrist and tenses palmar aponeurosis

39
Q

Mention innervation and action of the flexor capi ulnaris (FCU)

A

humeral head:
-innervation: ulnar nerve (c7, C8)
-action: flexes/adducts hand (at wrist)

ulnar head:
-innerv: median nerve (c6, C7)
-action: flexes/adducts hand (at wrist)

40
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment (flexor and pronator compartment) of the intermediate layer of forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

41
Q

Mention innervation and action of the flexor digotorum superficialis (FDS)

A

humero-ulnar head:
-innervation: median nerve (c7, c8, t1)
-action: flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints of middle four digits; acting more strongly, it also flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints

radial head:
-innerv: median nerve (c7, c8, t1)
-action: flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints of middle four digits; acting more strongly, it also flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints

42
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment (flexor and pronator compartment) of the deep layer of forearm?

A

– Flexor Digitorum Profundus
– Flexor Pollicis Longus
– Pronator Quadratus

43
Q

Mention innervation and action of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)

A

medial part:
-innervation: ulnar nerve (c8, T1)
-action: flexes distal phalanges 4 and 5 at distal interphalangeal joints

lateral part:
-innerv: anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, t1)
-action: flexes distal phalanges 2 and 3 at distal interphalangeal joints

44
Q

Mention innervation and action of the Flexor pollicis longus (FPL)

A

-innerv: anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, t1)
-action: flexes phalanges of 1st digit (thumb)

45
Q

Mention innervation and action of the pronator quadratus

A

-innerv: anterior interosseous nerve, from median nerve (C8, t1)
-action: pronates forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together

46
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment [extensor and supinator compartment] of superficial layer?

A

-brachioradialis
-Extensor carpi radialis brevis
-Extensor carpi radialis longus
-Extensor digitorum
-Extensor digiti minimi
-Extensor carpi ulnaris

47
Q

Mention innervation and action of the brachioradialis

A

-innerv: radial nerve (c5, C6, c7)
-action: relatively weak flexion of forearm; maximal when forearm is in midpronated position

48
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)

A

-innerv: radial nerve (c6, c7)
-action: Extend and abduct hand at the wrist joint; ECRL active during first clenching

49
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB)

A

-innerv: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, c8)
-action: Extend and abduct hand at the wrist joint; ECRL active during first clenching

50
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor digitorium

A

-innerv: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, c8)
-action: Extends medial four digits primarily at metacarpophalangeal joints, secondarily at interphalangeal joints

51
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor digiti minimi (EDM)

A

-innerv: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, c8)
-action: Extends 5th digit primarily at metacarpophalangeal joint, seocndarily at interphalangeal joint

52
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)

A

-innerv: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, c8)
-action: Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint (also active during first clenching)

53
Q

What are the muscles of the forearm of the Posterior compartment (Extensor and supinator compartment) of Deep Layer?

A
  • Supinator
  • Abductor pollicis longus
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
  • Extensor pollicis longus
  • Extensor indicis
54
Q

Mention innervation and action of the supinator

A

-prox attach: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; radial collateral and anular ligaments; supinator fossa; crest of ulna
-distal attch: lateral, posterior, and anterior surfaces of proximal third of radius
-innerv: Deep branch of radial nerve (c7, C8)
-action: Supinates forearm; rotates radius to turn palm anteriorly or superiorly (if elbow is flexed)

55
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor indicis

A

-innerv: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, c8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
-action: Extends 2nd digit (enabling its independent extension); helps extend hand at wrist

56
Q

Mention innervation and action of the Abductor pollicis longus (APL)

A

-innerv: Posterior interosseous nerve (c7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
-action: Abducts thumb and extends it at carpometacarpal joint

57
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL)

A

-innerv: Posterior interosseous nerve (c7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
-action: Extends distal phalanx of thumb at interphalangeal joint; extends metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints

58
Q

Mention innervation and action of the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB)

A

-innerv: Posterior interosseous nerve (c7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
-action: Extends proximal phalanx of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint; extends carpometacarpal joint

59
Q
A

Anato first semester 2023-24 (10 decks)

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