ANAT 5 Neck endocrinology Pulmonology Gastroenterology Flashcards
aberrant thyroid gland? where?
Thyroglossal duct cyst? can cause?
Accessory thyroid gland? where?
CN: Aberrant Thyroid Glandular tissue can be seen anywhere along the embryonic Thyroglossal Duct.
CN: Thyroglossal Duct Cysts refers to a cyst forming along the Thyroglossal duct as the Thyroid Gland descends to the lower part the Neck. Cysts can cause issues with the Hyoid bone and swallowing and may need to be surgically removed.
CN: Accessory Thyroid Gland refers to additional Thyroid Glandular tissue that has formed along the Thyroglossal Duct.
half of thyroid glands possess? size? location? may extend to? in absence of?
CN: Pyramidal Lobe of the Thyroid Gland: Approximately 50% of Thyroid Glands possess a Pyramidal Lobe varying in size and location. Some may extend all the way up to the Hyoid Bone and some may also exist in the absence of a Thyroid Isthmus.
possible artery to the thyoid? (not normal)
can come from?
watch out for in what procedures?
CN: Thyroid Ima Artery: Approximately 10% of individuals possess an unpaired Thyroid Ima A. arising from the Brachiocephalic Trunk, Aorta or Common Carotid A. and travel superiorly in the midline to the Thyroid Gland. The presence of this artery should be considered as a potential source of bleeding during Tracheostomy or Cricothyrotomy.
Enlargement of thyroid gland. called?
type that result in bulging of eyeballs? due to?
CN: Enlargement of the Thyroid Gland is called Goiter. One type of Goiter, Exophthalmic Goiter is produced by an over production of Thyroid Hormone and can result in a bulging of the eyeballs.
removal of thyroid called? what else can be removed in this?
difficult due to presence of?
CN: Thyroidectomy refers to removal of the Thyroid Gland or an associated tumor or as a potential treatment for Hyperthyroidism. This procedure can be difficult due to the presence of a rich blood supply, the presence of the laryngeal nerves and the Parathyroid Glands which are typically left in place.
location of recurrent laryngeal nerves?
shaping the rima glottidis?
normal respiration?
forced?
phonation?
whispering?
aspiration of foreign bodies
refers to?
enters through? and can become trapped where?
prevent air from reaching lungs?
what can dislodge?
CN: Aspiration of Foreign Bodies refers to any foreign body entering an airway through the Laryngeal Inlet and can become trapped at the Vestibular folds. The Laryngeal muscles will typically spasm preventing air from reaching the lungs. Compression of the abdomen (Heimlich Maneuver) can force air out of the lungs and dislodge the obstruction.
emergency procedure where intubation not possible? what do you do?
CN: Cricothyrotomy: Typically an emergency procedure where Intubation is not possible. A large needle is passed through the Cricothyroid Membrane to permit the entry of air.
tracheostomy involves? where? what do you need to get through? then?
typically performed where?
CN: Tracheostomy involves an incision through the skin, separation of the Infrahyoid muscles and removal or retraction of the Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland to insert a tube into the Trachea to establish an airway. Typically performed at the 2nd or 3rd Tracheal rings
age changes of the larynx
grows until? in males at puberty?
what calcify and ossify by 65? visible on?
N: Age changes of the Larynx: The Larynx grows steadily until approximately age 3 when the growth slows. At puberty the presence of Testosterone causes the male Laryngeal cartilages to enlarge. The Laryngeal cartilages also tend to calcify and ossify and by age 65 are typically visible on radiographs.
cancer of the _______
common among?
what is performed in malignancy
vocalization via?
CN: Cancer of the Larynx is common among individuals who smoke. Laryngectomy and Tracheostomy are performed in cases of laryngeal malignancy. Vocalization can be achieved by an Electrolarynx, Tracheoesophageal Prothesis or Esophageal speech.
brachial fistula
what is it?
came from what?
results in?
CN: Branchial Fistula: Abnormal patency of remnants of the 2nd Pharyngeal Pouch and 2nd Pharyngeal Groove that results in a canal between the Tonsillar Cleft and side of the Neck.
brachial sinus
result of?
opening exists where?
CN: Branchial Sinus: Result of the embryonic cervical sinus failing to disappear. The opening for this sinus may exist anywhere along the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid M..
brachial cyst
similar to?
how?
may result in? why?
CN: Branchial Cyst: Similar to a Branchial Sinus, if the embryonic cervical sinus does not communicate externally it exists as a cyst. These cysts may result in complicatoins due to their proximity to important structures of the Neck such as the Hypoglossal, Glossopharyngeal and Spinal Accessory nerves.
tracheoesophageal fistula
what is it?
most common?
other forms?
CN: Tracheoesophageal Fistula is a congenital anomaly of the Esophagus where, in its most common form the Esophagus ends in a blind-ended pouch and the Stomach communicates with the Trachea. Other forms include a blind-ended pouch with no Tracheal communication and a complete Esophagus with Tracheal communication distal to the Epiglottis.
Stage 0?
HN: Deglutination: Three stage process for swallowing:
Stage One: Voluntary compression of bolus against Soft Palate from Mouth to Oropharynx
Stage Two: Involuntary sealing of the Nasopharynx from the Oropharynx while the suprahyoid and anterior longitudinal muscles elevate the Larynx
Stage Three: Involuntary sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces bolus into Esophagus
Stage one deglutination? (nachos)
HN: Deglutination: Three stage process for swallowing:
Stage One: Voluntary compression of bolus against Soft Palate from Mouth to Oropharynx
Stage Two: Involuntary sealing of the Nasopharynx from the Oropharynx while the suprahyoid and anterior longitudinal muscles elevate the Larynx
Stage Three: Involuntary sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces bolus into Esophagus
stage 2 deglutination (nachos)
sealed off? via?
muscles?
HN: Deglutination: Three stage process for swallowing:
Stage One: Voluntary compression of bolus against Soft Palate from Mouth to Oropharynx
Stage Two: Involuntary sealing of the Nasopharynx from the Oropharynx while the suprahyoid and anterior longitudinal muscles elevate the Larynx
Stage Three: Involuntary sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces bolus into Esophagus
Phase 3 deglutination (nachos)
what pushes inferiorly?
does epiglottis make perfect seal?
HN: Deglutination: Three stage process for swallowing:
Stage One: Voluntary compression of bolus against Soft Palate from Mouth to Oropharynx
Stage Two: Involuntary sealing of the Nasopharynx from the Oropharynx while the suprahyoid and anterior longitudinal muscles elevate the Larynx
Stage Three: Involuntary sequential contraction of the three pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces bolus into Esophagus
