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ANAPI-endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

secrete hormones directly to bloodstream

A

Ductless

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2
Q

Ductless, secrete hormones directly to bloodstream

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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3
Q

Release products at body surface/into body cavities through ducts

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

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4
Q

Uses chemical messages (hormones) released into blood

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

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5
Q

2nd messenger system of the body

A

EXOCRINE GLANDS

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6
Q

what is the correct procedure of exocrine glands

A

Gland – Hormones – Blood – Target Organ

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7
Q

what are the organs in endocrine system

A

Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal gland (suprarenal)
Pancreas
Testes and Ovaries
(Gonads)

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8
Q

FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

A

Control
Regulate
Chemical control

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9
Q

Cellular respiration, growth & reproduction

A

Control

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10
Q

Body fluids & electrolyte balance

A

Control

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11
Q

Secretion of other hormones

A

Control

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12
Q

Behavioural patterns

A

Control

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13
Q

reproductive cycles, growth & development

A

Regulate

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14
Q

negative feedback loop

A

Chemical control

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15
Q

Thermostat turns furnace on when temp. falls below set
point

A

Chemical control

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16
Q

what does pancreas do if blood sugar is too low?

A

releases glucagon

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17
Q

what does pancreas do if blood sugar is too high?

A

releases insulin

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18
Q

what does liver do after pancreas release glucagon?

A

breaks down stored glycogen and release glucose into blood

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19
Q

what does liver do after pancreas release insulin?

A

removes glucose from blood and stores it as glycogen

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20
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES

A

Modified amino acids
Proteins
Steroid

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21
Q

Modified amino acids

A

Epinephrine
oxytocin

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22
Q

Proteins

A

Insulin
growth hormones

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23
Q

Steroid

A

Cortisol
estrogen

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24
Q

controls secretions of the pituitary gland

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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25
Q

Nerve cells produce chemical signals

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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26
Q

Nerve cells produce chemical signals releases?

A

hormones
inhibitory hormones

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27
Q

Controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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28
Q

network of blood vessels connecting blood supply of the
hypothalamus and blood supply of anterior pituitary gland

A

PORTAL CIRCULATION

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29
Q

PORTAL CIRCULATION

A

Hypothalamus – superior hypophyseal arteries – primary
plexus – hypophyseal portal veins – secondary plexus –
pituitary gland

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30
Q

branches of internal
carotid and posterior communicating arteries

A

superior hypophyseal arteries

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31
Q

capillary network formed by the superior
hypophyseal arteries

A

primary plexus

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32
Q

specialized neurons that secrete
releasing and inhibiting hormones in the primary plexus

A

neurosecretory cells

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33
Q

capillary network formed by
hypophyseal portal veins

A

secondary plexus

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34
Q

direct route that permit
hypothalamic hormones to act quickly on pituitary gland
before hormones diluted or destroyed in the systemic
circulation

A

secondary plexus

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35
Q

Size of a walnut attached at the inferior surface of the
hypothalamus

A

PITUITARY GLANDS

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36
Q

other term for pituitary glands

A

Hypophysis

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37
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

A

Adenohypophysis

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38
Q

75% of total weight of the gland

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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39
Q

Derived from hypophyseal (Rathke’s) pouch (outgrowth of
ectoderm) in the roof of the mouth

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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40
Q

Glandular tissue

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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41
Q

are cells in the anterior pituitary that produce growth hormone.

A

SOMATOTROPHS

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42
Q

hormone responsible for cell metabolism and growth

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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43
Q

disorder that can acquire because of decreased production of Growth hormone (GH)?

A

Dwarfism

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44
Q

disorder that can acquire because of increased production of Growth hormone (GH)?

A

Gigantism
Acromegaly

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45
Q

Controlled by (2) releasing hormones from hypothalamus

A

Growth hormone (GH)?

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46
Q

amino acids to protein

A

Growth hormone (GH)?

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47
Q

stimulates thyroid

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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48
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

THYROTROPHS

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49
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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50
Q

stimulates melanocytes

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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51
Q

2 hormones of CORTICOTROPHS

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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52
Q

3 hormones of GONADOTROPHS

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Sterility

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53
Q

this hormone Stimulates ovarian follicle development

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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54
Q

this hormone Stimulates sperm cell production

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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55
Q

this hormone Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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56
Q

this hormone help Testosterone production

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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57
Q

is the secondary hyposecretion of FSH and LH

A

Sterility

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58
Q

LACTOTROPHS

A

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin/PRL)

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58
Q

this hormone stimulates milk production in
females

A

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin/PRL)

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59
Q

this hormone may cause decrease in male sex hormones

A

Lactogenic hormone (prolactin/PRL)

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60
Q

HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES

A

HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING
HYPOTHALAMIC INHIBITING

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61
Q

this gland have Nervous tissue

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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62
Q

Derived ectodermal outgrowth called neurohypophyseal bud

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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63
Q

Derived ectodermal outgrowth

A

neurohypophyseal bud

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64
Q

Contains axons and axon terminals

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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65
Q

Not an endocrine gland, doesn’t make hormones it secretes

A

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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66
Q

associate neuroglia in the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons

A

PITUICYTES

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67
Q

increased water reabsorption in kidney tubules

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin

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68
Q

horomones that have deficiency results in diabetes insipidus

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin

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69
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

less oxytocin
polyuria
polydipsia
bed wetting
dehydration

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70
Q

large urine volume

A

polyuria

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71
Q

frequent thirst

A

polydipsia

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72
Q

common in children

A

bed wetting

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73
Q

common cause of death

A

dehydration

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74
Q

Contraction of uterine smooth muscles

A

Oxytocin

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75
Q

Constriction of mammary gland cells (lactation)

A

Oxytocin

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76
Q

Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of
hemorrhage

A

Oxytocin

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77
Q

Located below larynx on either side of trachea

A

THYROID GLAND

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78
Q

gland that Requires iodine

A

THYROID GLAND

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79
Q

Regulates glucose breakdown and conversion of glucose to
chemical energy and body heat

A

THYROID GLAND

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80
Q

gland that have hormones like Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin

A

THYROID GLAND

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81
Q

metabolism

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

82
Q

regulates calcium & phosphate concentration

A

Calcitonin

83
Q

Cretinism, goiter, dwarfism

A

Hypothyroidism

84
Q

Lowered metabolic rate

A

Hypothyroidism

85
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism

86
Q

Elevated metabolism

A

Hyperthyroidism

87
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

88
Q

Exophthalmia

A

Hyperthyroidism

89
Q

Tiny masses located within the posterior thyroid gland

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

90
Q

Chief cells secrete parathormone (PTH)

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

91
Q

most important Ca
regulator in the blood

A

parathormone (PTH)

92
Q

PTH stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

93
Q

what gland that causes Hyperparathyroidism

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

94
Q

Breakdown of bone matrix

A

Hyperparathyroidism

95
Q

Low calcium lvl. in blood

A

Hypoparathyroidism

96
Q

what gland that causes Hypoparathyroidism

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

97
Q

Located on top of kidneys

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

98
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes what hormones

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

99
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes what hormones

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

100
Q

disorders of ADRENAL GLANDS

A

Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, Hyperaldosteronism, Masculinization

101
Q

lack of adrenal cortex hormones

A

Addison’s disease

102
Q

too much adrenal cortex hormones

A

Cushing’s syndrome

103
Q

water and sodium retention

A

Hyperaldosteronism

104
Q

hyperactivity of sex hormones: female

A

Masculinization

105
Q

HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX

A

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Sex hormones

106
Q

hormone produced in outer adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids

107
Q

Regulate mineral content in blood, water & electrolyte balance

A

Mineralocorticoids

108
Q

Target organ = kidney

A

Mineralocorticoids

109
Q

Prod. Stimulated by renin & aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoids

110
Q

activating secretion of aldosterone during hypotension

A

renin

111
Q

Prod. Inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Mineralocorticoids

112
Q

Inhibits aldosterone secretion to reduce blood volume &
pressure

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

113
Q

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids

114
Q

Promote normal cell metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids

115
Q

Help resist long-term stressors

A

Glucocorticoids

116
Q

Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids

117
Q

Reduction of inflammation

A

Glucocorticoids

118
Q

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Sex hormones

119
Q

Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

A

Sex hormones

120
Q

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

121
Q

Fight or flight reaction

A

HORMONES OF ADRENAL MEDULLA

122
Q

Enhance and prolong effects of neurotransmitters of the
sympathetic nervous system

A

HORMONES OF ADRENAL MEDULLA

123
Q

organ located close to the stomach

A

PANCREAS

124
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

PANCREAS

125
Q

organ where Beta cells: insulin production

A

PANCREAS

126
Q

organ where Alpha cells: glucagon prod.

A

PANCREAS

127
Q

what organ can regulated Blood glucose levels by negative feedback

A

PANCREAS

128
Q

Disorders of pancreas

A

Low blood glucose
High blood glucose
Diabetes mellitus

129
Q

Low blood glucose

A

acidosis

130
Q

excess kidney prod., dehydration

A

High blood glucose

131
Q

insufficient insulin prod., common
pancreatic abnormality

A

Diabetes mellitus

132
Q

Failure of glucose consumption of energy

A

Diabetes mellitus

133
Q

Glucosuria (glucose in urine)

A

Diabetes mellitus

134
Q

Increases cell permeability to glucose

A

INSULIN

135
Q

Facilitation of glucose oxidation and conversion within the cells

A

INSULIN

136
Q

Only hormone that reduces serum glucose (hypoglycemic)

A

INSULIN

137
Q

Hyperglycemic

A

GLUCAGON

138
Q

Antagonist of insulin

A

GLUCAGON

139
Q

Promotes serum glucose by stimulating liver to breakdown stored
glycogen into glucose & release into blood

A

GLUCAGON

140
Q

GONADS

A

Testes, Ovaries

141
Q

hormone of testes

A

testosterone

142
Q

hormones of ovaries

A

estrogen & progesterone

143
Q

Development of male reproduction structures

A

Testes

144
Q

Development of male sex characteristics

A

Testes

145
Q

Endocrine & exocrine organ

A

Testes

146
Q

Development of female reproductive organs

A

Ovaries

147
Q

Development of female sex characteristics

A

Ovaries

148
Q

gland that Control menstrual cycle

A

Ovaries

149
Q

hormone that is most important androgen

A

Testosterone

150
Q

hormone that Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

151
Q

hormone that Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive
system

A

Testosterone

152
Q

hormone that Required sperm cell production

A

Testosterone

153
Q

Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing

A

Testosterone

154
Q

hormone that Produce several androgens

A

Testosterone

155
Q

hormone that Secreted by Graafian follicles

A

Estrogens

156
Q

hormone that Stimulates development of secondary female
characteristics

A

Estrogens

157
Q

hormone that Matures female reproductive organs

A

Estrogens

158
Q

hormone that Helps prep uterus to receive a fertilized egg

A

Estrogens

159
Q

hormone that Helps maintain pregnancy

A

Estrogens

160
Q

hormone that Preps the breasts to produce milk

A

Estrogens

161
Q

hormone that Secreted by corpus luteum

A

Progesterone

162
Q

hormone that Acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone

163
Q

hormone that Helps implantation of embryo in the uterus

A

Progesterone

164
Q

“change of life”

A

MENOPAUSE

165
Q

Decline of ovarian function occurring in the late middle age

A

MENOPAUSE

166
Q

CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY

A

Osteoporosis
Arteriosclerosis
Decrease skin elasticity
“hot flushes”

167
Q

gland Behind the sternum

A

THYMUS GLAND

168
Q

gland that Secreted thymosin (functions in immune system)

A

THYMUS GLAND

169
Q

gland Important for T cell production

A

THYMUS GLAND

170
Q

gland that Shrinks as we age

A

THYMUS GLAND

171
Q

Small cone shaped gland located in the brain near the thalamus
(3rd ventricle of the brain)

A

PINEAL GLAND

172
Q

gland that has melatonin and serotonin

A

PINEAL GLAND

173
Q

Inhibits reproductive functions

A

melatonin

174
Q

Regulates body rhythms/sleep-awake cycle

A

melatonin

175
Q

neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor

A

Serotonin

176
Q

Stimulates smooth muscle contractions

A

Serotonin

177
Q

Chemical substances secreted by cell into ECF that regulate
metabolic activity of other cells in the body

A

HORMONE

178
Q

BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES

A

Endocrine
Local
Paracrine
Autocrine

179
Q

type of hormones that is Passing into blood and act on distant target cells

A

Endocrine

180
Q

type of hormones that Acts locally without first entering bloodstream

A

Local

181
Q

type of hormones that Acts on neighboring cells

A

Paracrine

182
Q

type of hormones that Acts on the same cell that secreted them

A

Autocrine

183
Q

CHEMICAL TYPES OF HORMONES

A

Amino acid-based hormones
Steroid hormones

184
Q

(proteins, peptides, amines)

A

Amino acid-based hormones

185
Q

(lipid-soluble)

A

Steroid hormones

186
Q

certain tissue or cells affected by a given hormone

A

TARGET ORGAN/CELLS

187
Q

proteins located at the plasma membrane of the target organ/cell
where hormones attach

A

RECEPTORS

188
Q

Diffusion through plasma membrane (lipid soluble)

A

STEROID HORMONES

189
Q

Unable to diffuse through plasma membrane (lipid insoluble)

A

NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES (protein and peptide)

190
Q

enters nucleus, binds with specific protein receptor within the nucleus, binds to specific sites of the DNA, activation of certain genes to transcribe
mRNA, translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm, protein synthesis

A

STEROID HORMONES

191
Q

Binds to plasma membrane receptors of the target cell organ,
activation of enzyme, enzyme catalyzes a reaction producing second messenger molecule (cAMP, G proteins or calcium), promotion of cellular response to hormones

A

NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES

192
Q

Chief regulator of almost all hormones

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

193
Q

TYPES OF STIMULI-ACTIVATING ENDOCRINE ORGANS

A

HORMONAL
NEURAL
HUMORAL

194
Q

Endocrine organs are stimulated by other hormones

A

HORMONAL

195
Q

Most common stimuli

A

HORMONAL

196
Q

hypothalamic hormones – anterior pituitary gland – anterior
pituitary hormones – other endocrine organs to secrete their
hormones into the blood

A

HORMONAL

197
Q

Nerve fibers stimulate target cells and hormone release

A

NEURAL

198
Q

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the adrenal
medulla to release NE and E during stress

A

NEURAL

199
Q

Changes in blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate
hormone release

A

HUMORAL

200
Q

Decrease serum Ca – activation of the parathyroid gland to
secrete PTH

A

HUMORAL

201
Q

activation of the parathyroid gland to secrete PTH

A

Decrease serum Ca

202
Q
A

finals (4 decks)

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