ANAPI-endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
secrete hormones directly to bloodstream
A
Ductless
2
Q
Ductless, secrete hormones directly to bloodstream
A
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
3
Q
Release products at body surface/into body cavities through ducts
A
EXOCRINE GLANDS
4
Q
Uses chemical messages (hormones) released into blood
A
EXOCRINE GLANDS
5
Q
2nd messenger system of the body
A
EXOCRINE GLANDS
6
Q
what is the correct procedure of exocrine glands
A
Gland – Hormones – Blood – Target Organ
7
Q
what are the organs in endocrine system
A
Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal gland (suprarenal)
Pancreas
Testes and Ovaries
(Gonads)
8
Q
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES
A
Control
Regulate
Chemical control
9
Q
Cellular respiration, growth & reproduction
A
Control
10
Q
Body fluids & electrolyte balance
A
Control
11
Q
Secretion of other hormones
A
Control
12
Q
Behavioural patterns
A
Control
13
Q
reproductive cycles, growth & development
A
Regulate
14
Q
negative feedback loop
A
Chemical control
15
Q
Thermostat turns furnace on when temp. falls below set
point
A
Chemical control
16
Q
what does pancreas do if blood sugar is too low?
A
releases glucagon
17
Q
what does pancreas do if blood sugar is too high?
A
releases insulin
18
Q
what does liver do after pancreas release glucagon?
A
breaks down stored glycogen and release glucose into blood
19
Q
what does liver do after pancreas release insulin?
A
removes glucose from blood and stores it as glycogen
20
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
A
Modified amino acids
Proteins
Steroid
21
Q
Modified amino acids
A
Epinephrine
oxytocin
22
Q
Proteins
A
Insulin
growth hormones
23
Q
Steroid
A
Cortisol
estrogen
24
Q
controls secretions of the pituitary gland
A
HYPOTHALAMUS
25
Nerve cells produce chemical signals
HYPOTHALAMUS
26
Nerve cells produce chemical signals releases?
hormones
inhibitory hormones
27
Controlled by negative feedback from endocrine system
HYPOTHALAMUS
28
network of blood vessels connecting blood supply of the
hypothalamus and blood supply of anterior pituitary gland
PORTAL CIRCULATION
29
PORTAL CIRCULATION
Hypothalamus – superior hypophyseal arteries – primary
plexus – hypophyseal portal veins – secondary plexus –
pituitary gland
30
branches of internal
carotid and posterior communicating arteries
superior hypophyseal arteries
31
capillary network formed by the superior
hypophyseal arteries
primary plexus
32
specialized neurons that secrete
releasing and inhibiting hormones in the primary plexus
neurosecretory cells
33
capillary network formed by
hypophyseal portal veins
secondary plexus
34
direct route that permit
hypothalamic hormones to act quickly on pituitary gland
before hormones diluted or destroyed in the systemic
circulation
secondary plexus
35
Size of a walnut attached at the inferior surface of the
hypothalamus
PITUITARY GLANDS
36
other term for pituitary glands
Hypophysis
37
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Adenohypophysis
38
75% of total weight of the gland
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
39
Derived from hypophyseal (Rathke’s) pouch (outgrowth of
ectoderm) in the roof of the mouth
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
40
Glandular tissue
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
41
are cells in the anterior pituitary that produce growth hormone.
SOMATOTROPHS
42
hormone responsible for cell metabolism and growth
Growth hormone (GH)
43
disorder that can acquire because of decreased production of Growth hormone (GH)?
Dwarfism
44
disorder that can acquire because of increased production of Growth hormone (GH)?
Gigantism
Acromegaly
45
Controlled by (2) releasing hormones from hypothalamus
Growth hormone (GH)?
46
amino acids to protein
Growth hormone (GH)?
47
stimulates thyroid
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
48
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
THYROTROPHS
49
stimulates adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
50
stimulates melanocytes
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
51
2 hormones of CORTICOTROPHS
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
52
3 hormones of GONADOTROPHS
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Sterility
53
this hormone Stimulates ovarian follicle development
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
54
this hormone Stimulates sperm cell production
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
55
this hormone Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
56
this hormone help Testosterone production
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
57
is the secondary hyposecretion of FSH and LH
Sterility
58
LACTOTROPHS
Lactogenic hormone (prolactin/PRL)
58
this hormone stimulates milk production in
females
Lactogenic hormone (prolactin/PRL)
59
this hormone may cause decrease in male sex hormones
Lactogenic hormone (prolactin/PRL)
60
HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES
HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING
HYPOTHALAMIC INHIBITING
61
this gland have Nervous tissue
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
62
Derived ectodermal outgrowth called neurohypophyseal bud
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
63
Derived ectodermal outgrowth
neurohypophyseal bud
64
Contains axons and axon terminals
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
65
Not an endocrine gland, doesn’t make hormones it secretes
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
66
associate neuroglia in the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons
PITUICYTES
67
increased water reabsorption in kidney tubules
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin
68
horomones that have deficiency results in diabetes insipidus
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin
69
diabetes insipidus
less oxytocin
polyuria
polydipsia
bed wetting
dehydration
70
large urine volume
polyuria
71
frequent thirst
polydipsia
72
common in children
bed wetting
73
common cause of death
dehydration
74
Contraction of uterine smooth muscles
Oxytocin
75
Constriction of mammary gland cells (lactation)
Oxytocin
76
Given after childbirth to constrict blood vessels to minimize risk of
hemorrhage
Oxytocin
77
Located below larynx on either side of trachea
THYROID GLAND
78
gland that Requires iodine
THYROID GLAND
79
Regulates glucose breakdown and conversion of glucose to
chemical energy and body heat
THYROID GLAND
80
gland that have hormones like Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin
THYROID GLAND
81
metabolism
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
82
regulates calcium & phosphate concentration
Calcitonin
83
Cretinism, goiter, dwarfism
Hypothyroidism
84
Lowered metabolic rate
Hypothyroidism
85
Myxedema
Hypothyroidism
86
Elevated metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
87
Graves’ disease
Hyperthyroidism
88
Exophthalmia
Hyperthyroidism
89
Tiny masses located within the posterior thyroid gland
PARATHYROID GLANDS
90
Chief cells secrete parathormone (PTH)
PARATHYROID GLANDS
91
most important Ca
regulator in the blood
parathormone (PTH)
92
PTH stimulates bone cell release of calcium and phosphate
PARATHYROID GLANDS
93
what gland that causes Hyperparathyroidism
PARATHYROID GLANDS
94
Breakdown of bone matrix
Hyperparathyroidism
95
Low calcium lvl. in blood
Hypoparathyroidism
96
what gland that causes Hypoparathyroidism
PARATHYROID GLANDS
97
Located on top of kidneys
ADRENAL GLANDS
98
Adrenal medulla secretes what hormones
epinephrine, norepinephrine
99
Adrenal cortex secretes what hormones
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
100
disorders of ADRENAL GLANDS
Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, Hyperaldosteronism, Masculinization
101
lack of adrenal cortex hormones
Addison’s disease
102
too much adrenal cortex hormones
Cushing’s syndrome
103
water and sodium retention
Hyperaldosteronism
104
hyperactivity of sex hormones: female
Masculinization
105
HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Sex hormones
106
hormone produced in outer adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
107
Regulate mineral content in blood, water & electrolyte balance
Mineralocorticoids
108
Target organ = kidney
Mineralocorticoids
109
Prod. Stimulated by renin & aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids
110
activating secretion of aldosterone during hypotension
renin
111
Prod. Inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide
Mineralocorticoids
112
Inhibits aldosterone secretion to reduce blood volume &
pressure
atrial natriuretic peptide
113
Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids
114
Promote normal cell metabolism
Glucocorticoids
115
Help resist long-term stressors
Glucocorticoids
116
Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
Glucocorticoids
117
Reduction of inflammation
Glucocorticoids
118
Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
Sex hormones
119
Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)
Sex hormones
120
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
121
Fight or flight reaction
HORMONES OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
122
Enhance and prolong effects of neurotransmitters of the
sympathetic nervous system
HORMONES OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
123
organ located close to the stomach
PANCREAS
124
Islets of Langerhans
PANCREAS
125
organ where Beta cells: insulin production
PANCREAS
126
organ where Alpha cells: glucagon prod.
PANCREAS
127
what organ can regulated Blood glucose levels by negative feedback
PANCREAS
128
Disorders of pancreas
Low blood glucose
High blood glucose
Diabetes mellitus
129
Low blood glucose
acidosis
130
excess kidney prod., dehydration
High blood glucose
131
insufficient insulin prod., common
pancreatic abnormality
Diabetes mellitus
132
Failure of glucose consumption of energy
Diabetes mellitus
133
Glucosuria (glucose in urine)
Diabetes mellitus
134
Increases cell permeability to glucose
INSULIN
135
Facilitation of glucose oxidation and conversion within the cells
INSULIN
136
Only hormone that reduces serum glucose (hypoglycemic)
INSULIN
137
Hyperglycemic
GLUCAGON
138
Antagonist of insulin
GLUCAGON
139
Promotes serum glucose by stimulating liver to breakdown stored
glycogen into glucose & release into blood
GLUCAGON
140
GONADS
Testes, Ovaries
141
hormone of testes
testosterone
142
hormones of ovaries
estrogen & progesterone
143
Development of male reproduction structures
Testes
144
Development of male sex characteristics
Testes
145
Endocrine & exocrine organ
Testes
146
Development of female reproductive organs
Ovaries
147
Development of female sex characteristics
Ovaries
148
gland that Control menstrual cycle
Ovaries
149
hormone that is most important androgen
Testosterone
150
hormone that Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
151
hormone that Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive
system
Testosterone
152
hormone that Required sperm cell production
Testosterone
153
Interstitial cells of testes are hormone-producing
Testosterone
154
hormone that Produce several androgens
Testosterone
155
hormone that Secreted by Graafian follicles
Estrogens
156
hormone that Stimulates development of secondary female
characteristics
Estrogens
157
hormone that Matures female reproductive organs
Estrogens
158
hormone that Helps prep uterus to receive a fertilized egg
Estrogens
159
hormone that Helps maintain pregnancy
Estrogens
160
hormone that Preps the breasts to produce milk
Estrogens
161
hormone that Secreted by corpus luteum
Progesterone
162
hormone that Acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle
Progesterone
163
hormone that Helps implantation of embryo in the uterus
Progesterone
164
“change of life”
MENOPAUSE
165
Decline of ovarian function occurring in the late middle age
MENOPAUSE
166
CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY
Osteoporosis
Arteriosclerosis
Decrease skin elasticity
“hot flushes”
167
gland Behind the sternum
THYMUS GLAND
168
gland that Secreted thymosin (functions in immune system)
THYMUS GLAND
169
gland Important for T cell production
THYMUS GLAND
170
gland that Shrinks as we age
THYMUS GLAND
171
Small cone shaped gland located in the brain near the thalamus
(3rd ventricle of the brain)
PINEAL GLAND
172
gland that has melatonin and serotonin
PINEAL GLAND
173
Inhibits reproductive functions
melatonin
174
Regulates body rhythms/sleep-awake cycle
melatonin
175
neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor
Serotonin
176
Stimulates smooth muscle contractions
Serotonin
177
Chemical substances secreted by cell into ECF that regulate
metabolic activity of other cells in the body
HORMONE
178
BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES
Endocrine
Local
Paracrine
Autocrine
179
type of hormones that is Passing into blood and act on distant target cells
Endocrine
180
type of hormones that Acts locally without first entering bloodstream
Local
181
type of hormones that Acts on neighboring cells
Paracrine
182
type of hormones that Acts on the same cell that secreted them
Autocrine
183
CHEMICAL TYPES OF HORMONES
Amino acid-based hormones
Steroid hormones
184
(proteins, peptides, amines)
Amino acid-based hormones
185
(lipid-soluble)
Steroid hormones
186
certain tissue or cells affected by a given hormone
TARGET ORGAN/CELLS
187
proteins located at the plasma membrane of the target organ/cell
where hormones attach
RECEPTORS
188
Diffusion through plasma membrane (lipid soluble)
STEROID HORMONES
189
Unable to diffuse through plasma membrane (lipid insoluble)
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES (protein and peptide)
190
enters nucleus, binds with specific protein receptor within the nucleus, binds to specific sites of the DNA, activation of certain genes to transcribe
mRNA, translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm, protein synthesis
STEROID HORMONES
191
Binds to plasma membrane receptors of the target cell organ,
activation of enzyme, enzyme catalyzes a reaction producing second messenger molecule (cAMP, G proteins or calcium), promotion of cellular response to hormones
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
192
Chief regulator of almost all hormones
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
193
TYPES OF STIMULI-ACTIVATING ENDOCRINE ORGANS
HORMONAL
NEURAL
HUMORAL
194
Endocrine organs are stimulated by other hormones
HORMONAL
195
Most common stimuli
HORMONAL
196
hypothalamic hormones – anterior pituitary gland – anterior
pituitary hormones – other endocrine organs to secrete their
hormones into the blood
HORMONAL
197
Nerve fibers stimulate target cells and hormone release
NEURAL
198
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the adrenal
medulla to release NE and E during stress
NEURAL
199
Changes in blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate
hormone release
HUMORAL
200
Decrease serum Ca – activation of the parathyroid gland to
secrete PTH
HUMORAL
201
activation of the parathyroid gland to secrete PTH
Decrease serum Ca
202
