ANALYTICAL REAGENTS AND GLASSWARES

Question 1

ANY SUBSTANCE EMPLOYED TO PRODUCE A CHEMICAL REACTION

Answer 1

REAGENTS

Question 2

NATURALLY OCCURRING OR SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED SUBSTANCE OBTAINED THROUGH A CHEMICAL PROCESS

Answer 2

CHEMICAL

Question 3

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> suitable for use in most analytic laboratory procedures (B)
> very high degree of purity
> recommended for quantitative or qualitative analyses (TIETZ)
> meet or exceed the American Chemical Society’s specifications
> De Facto standards for chemicals used in high purity application
>

Answer 3

REAGENT-GRADE OR ANALYTICAL REAGENT-GRADE CHEMICALS

Question 4

CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL REAGENT-GRADE CHEMICALS:
> Individual lot is analyzed, and the actual amount of impurity is reported.

Answer 4

LOT-ANALYZED REAGENTS

Question 5

CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL REAGENT-GRADE CHEMICALS:
> Maximum impurities are listed
> The labels on reagents should clearly state the actual impurities for each chemical lot or list the maximum allowable impurities

Answer 5

MAXIMUM IMPURITIES REAGENTS

Question 6

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> undergone additional purification steps for use in specific procedures (B)

Answer 6

ULTRAPURE CHEMICALS

Question 7

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> Some have impurity limitations that are not stated
> preparations are not uniform
> not recommended for clinical laboratories or research procedures
> contains impurities below established ACS level

Answer 7

CHEMICALLY PURE

Question 8

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> Less pure than CP
> used for the manufacture of drugs
> not injurious to health and causes no harm to humans

Answer 8

UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA (USP) l NATIONAL FORMULARY (NF)

Question 9

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> used in general manufacturing but not in clinical laboratory

Answer 9

TECHNICAL OR COMMERCIAL GRADE

Question 10

REFERENCE MATERIALS:
> Highly purified chemical
> Meets the ACS’s specifications
> used for calibration of secondary standard
> For method validation

Answer 10

PRIMARY STANDARD

Question 11

REFERENCE MATERIALS:
> Used by standard laboratories such as companies involved in preparation of reagents, kits or laboratories responsible for producing quality control material for other labs.
> calibration of control materials
> external quality control

Answer 11

SECONDARY STANDARD

Question 12

the first SRM developed by the NIST, was issued in 1967

Answer 12

CHOLESTEROL

Question 13

Any material certified by an accrediting body

Answer 13

CERTIFIED STANDARDS

Question 14

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> cool, dry place

Answer 14

SOLIDS

Question 15

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Separately stored in well-ventilated storage units

Answer 15

ACIDS AND BASES

Question 16

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Special storage units certified by OSHA/safety cans

Answer 16

FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS

Question 17

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Handled inside the fume hood

Answer 17

VOLATILE

Question 18

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Weighed only after dessication

Answer 18

HYGROSCOPIC

Question 19

> weak acids or bases
minimize changes in the hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 19

BUFFERS

Question 20

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> purified to remove almost all organic materials (minerals)
> It is oldest method of water purification
< can remove microorganisms

Answer 20

DISTILLATION

Question 21

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> removes carry over dissolved gases and nonvolatile substances from a single distillation or deionization process.

Answer 21

DOUBLE-DISTILLATION

Question 22

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> water is passed through a resin column containing positively (+) and negatively (-) charged particles
> These particles combine with ions present in the water for removal then replaced with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions.

Answer 22

DEIONIZED WATER/ DEIONIZATION

Question 23

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> eliminates the need for double distillation

Answer 23

DEIONIZED AND DISTILLED COMBINATION

Question 24

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane
> does not remove dissolved gases

Answer 24

REVERSE OSMOSIS

Question 25

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD: > can remove particulate matter from municipal water supplies before any additional treatments. > removes organic materials and chlorine

Answer 25

FILTRATION

Question 26

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD: > are excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any pyrogens or endotoxins.

Answer 26

ULTRAFILTRATION AND NANOFILTRATION

Question 27

CLINICAL LABORATORY REAGENT-GRADE WATER: > most pure > for preparations of standard solutions, buffers, and controls in quantitative procedure. > used for test methods requiring minimum interference, such as trace metal, iron, and enzyme analyses > must be immediately used after production. (cannot be stored) STORAGE: > immediately consumed

Answer 27

TYPE 1

Question 28

CLINICAL LABORATORY REAGENT-GRADE WATER: > For qualitative procedures like hematology, immunology, microbiology, etc. > Acceptable for most analytic requirements, including reagent, quality control, and standard preparation. > used for general laboratory tests that does not require Type 1 STORAGE: > borosilicate glasses/polyethylene bottles. > use ASAP to avoid contamination

Answer 28

TYPE 2

Question 29

CLINICAL LABORATORY REAGENT-GRADE WATER: > used in some tests like urinalysis > may be used as a water source purified for Type 1/2 preparation. > suitable for washing or rinsing glassware. > autoclave wash water. STORAGE: > borosilicate glasses/polyethylene bottles. > use ASAP to avoid contamination

Answer 29

Type 3

Question 30

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS: > preferred for laboratory applications and meets the NIST specifications > do not need to recalibrate by the laboratory

Answer 30

CLASS A

Question 31

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS: > generally, have twice the tolerance limits of CLASS A > found in student laboratory where durability is needed.

Answer 31

CLASS B

Question 32

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION: > do not deliver an exact amount of liquid measured. > containers and receivers

Answer 32

TO CONTAIN

Question 33

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION: > delivers an exact amount of liquid measured. > volumetric wares

Answer 33

TO DELIVER

Question 34

GLASSWARE: > used for heating or sterilization > has a high degree or resistance to heat, corrosion, and thermal shock > has low alkali content > free from magnesium-lime-zinc group of elements > strain points: 515 degrees Celsius > made from pyrex/kimax

Answer 34

BOROSILICATE GLASS

Question 35

GLASSWARE: > high silica content > heat resistance up to 800 degrees Celsius > Strengthened chemically rather than thermally > Generally, not used in the lab.

Answer 35

ALUMINOSILICATE

Question 36

TYPES OF ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS: > 15-25% aluminum oxide > 52-60% silicon dioxide > 15% alkaline earth

Answer 36

ALKALINE EARTH ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS

Question 37

TYPES OF ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS: > 10-25% aluminum oxide > over 10% alkali

Answer 37

ALKALI ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS

Question 38

GLASSWARE: > melted glass down to remove almost all of the non-silicate elements. > 95-99% silica > extremely hard to melt (1,700 degrees Celsius)

Answer 38

HIGH SILICA GLASS

Question 39

GLASSWARE: > used in handling strong acids and bases > boron-free > referred to a soft glass - less thermal-resistant than borosilicate

Answer 39

ACID & ALKALI RESISTANT (VYCOR)

Question 40

GLASSWARE: > Reduce the amount of light transmitted through the substance in the glassware > used for photosensitive materials and specimen.

Answer 40

LOW ACTINIC GLASS

Question 41

GLASSWARE: > desirable for production of lenses, prisms, optical instruments > less resistant to heat and sudden temperature changes > has only a "fair" resistance to chemical attacks > easily to melt (for disposable glasses)

Answer 41

FLINT GLASS (SODA LIME)

Question 42

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DESIGN: > delivers the exact volume measured > meet the Class A NIST specification

Answer 42

TO DELIVER

Question 43

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DESIGN: > can hold or contain a particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume > Does not meet Class A NIST specification

Answer 43

TO CONTAIN

Question 44

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTIC: > has continuous etched rings on top or near the mouthpiece of the pipette > exact amount is obtained when the last drop is blow-out > not rinsed out

Answer 44

BLOW-OUT

Question 45

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTIC: > allows the liquid to drain by gravity > no frosted or etched rings near the mouthpiece

Answer 45

SELF-DRAINING

Question 46

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TRANSFER PIPETTE > used to deliver only one volume > used when accuracy & precision are crucial > made up of kimax or pyrex > calibrated to deliver a fixed volume of liquid by drainage > consists of cylindrical bulbs joined at both ends to narrow glass tubing > a calibration mark is etched around not too close to the upper suction tube > the bulb should merge gradually into the lower delivery tube.

Answer 46

VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE (TD/SD)

Question 47

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TRANSFER PIPETTE > used for accurate measurement of viscous fluids, such as blood or serum. > bulb closer to the delivery tip > top of the meniscus must be read

Answer 47

OSTWALD-FOLIN PIPETTE (BO/TD)

Question 48

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: MEASURING PIPETTE > calibrated between two marks on the stem > non-viscous fluids > the tip should not be allowed to touch the vessel while the pipet is draining.

Answer 48

MOHR PIPETTE (SD/TD)

Question 49

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: MEASURING PIPETTE > for viscous fluids > has graduated marks down to the tip > has larger orifice

Answer 49

SEROLOGICAL PIPETTE (TD/BO)

Question 50

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TO CONTAIN PIPETTES > calibrated to contain one specified amount of liquid > used when small amounts of specimen are needed

Answer 50

MICROPIPETTES

Question 51

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TO CONTAIN PIPETTES > disposable micropipette used in hematology > self-filling > with polyethylene reagent reservoir

Answer 51

UNOPETTE

Question 52

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: > most routinely used pipet in today's clinical chemistry laboratory

Answer 52

AUTOMATIC PIPETTES

Question 53

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: > operates by moving the piston in the pipet tip or barrel > does not require a different tip for each use > because of carryover concerns, rinsing, and blotting between samples may be required.

Answer 53

POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PIPET

Question 54

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES: > for aqueous solutions, radioactive compounds, acid/alkalis, and nucleotide solutions, which may require mixing following dispensing. Forms foams and bubbles.

Answer 54

FORWARD PIPETTING

Question 55

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES: > for precise pipetting of small volume, pipetting of highly viscous or volatile compounds, and solutions that tend to foam or splash.

Answer 55

REVERSE PIPETTING

Question 56

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES: > For precise repetitive pipetting of the same volume in which carryover is not a concern.

Answer 56

REPETITIVE PIPETTING

Question 57

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES: > For dispensing full amounts of heterogenous samples such as whole blood and serum.

Answer 57

PIPETTING OF HETEROGENOUS SAMPLES

Question 58

HEATING UNITS: > used to cool or heat samples in a highly controlled manner > they are designed with wide temperature ranges and are adaptable to heating vessels of different sizes. > Dry system > 5-15 degrees Celsius

Answer 58

HEAT BLOCK

Question 59

HEATING UNITS: > made from a container filled with heated water. > it is used to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature over a long period of time.

Answer 59

WATER BATH