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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > ANALYTICAL REAGENTS AND GLASSWARES > Flashcards

ANALYTICAL REAGENTS AND GLASSWARES Flashcards

LABORATORY SUPPLIES, GENERAL AND COMMON LABORATORY EQUIPMENT, CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS, GENERAL AND COMMON GLASSWARES AND EQUIPMENT AND PROPER USE OF PIPETTE

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1
Q

ANY SUBSTANCE EMPLOYED TO PRODUCE A CHEMICAL REACTION

A

REAGENTS

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2
Q

NATURALLY OCCURRING OR SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED SUBSTANCE OBTAINED THROUGH A CHEMICAL PROCESS

A

CHEMICAL

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3
Q

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> suitable for use in most analytic laboratory procedures (B)
> very high degree of purity
> recommended for quantitative or qualitative analyses (TIETZ)
> meet or exceed the American Chemical Society’s specifications
> De Facto standards for chemicals used in high purity application
>

A

REAGENT-GRADE OR ANALYTICAL REAGENT-GRADE CHEMICALS

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4
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL REAGENT-GRADE CHEMICALS:
> Individual lot is analyzed, and the actual amount of impurity is reported.

A

LOT-ANALYZED REAGENTS

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5
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYTICAL REAGENT-GRADE CHEMICALS:
> Maximum impurities are listed
> The labels on reagents should clearly state the actual impurities for each chemical lot or list the maximum allowable impurities

A

MAXIMUM IMPURITIES REAGENTS

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6
Q

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> undergone additional purification steps for use in specific procedures (B)

A

ULTRAPURE CHEMICALS

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7
Q

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> Some have impurity limitations that are not stated
> preparations are not uniform
> not recommended for clinical laboratories or research procedures
> contains impurities below established ACS level

A

CHEMICALLY PURE

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8
Q

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> Less pure than CP
> used for the manufacture of drugs
> not injurious to health and causes no harm to humans

A

UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA (USP) l NATIONAL FORMULARY (NF)

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9
Q

ANALYTICAL GRADING OF CHEMICALS:
> used in general manufacturing but not in clinical laboratory

A

TECHNICAL OR COMMERCIAL GRADE

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10
Q

REFERENCE MATERIALS:
> Highly purified chemical
> Meets the ACS’s specifications
> used for calibration of secondary standard
> For method validation

A

PRIMARY STANDARD

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11
Q

REFERENCE MATERIALS:
> Used by standard laboratories such as companies involved in preparation of reagents, kits or laboratories responsible for producing quality control material for other labs.
> calibration of control materials
> external quality control

A

SECONDARY STANDARD

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12
Q

the first SRM developed by the NIST, was issued in 1967

A

CHOLESTEROL

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13
Q

Any material certified by an accrediting body

A

CERTIFIED STANDARDS

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14
Q

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> cool, dry place

A

SOLIDS

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15
Q

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Separately stored in well-ventilated storage units

A

ACIDS AND BASES

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16
Q

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Special storage units certified by OSHA/safety cans

A

FLAMMABLE SOLVENTS

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17
Q

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Handled inside the fume hood

A

VOLATILE

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18
Q

STORAGE OF CHEMICALS:
> Weighed only after dessication

A

HYGROSCOPIC

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19
Q

> weak acids or bases
minimize changes in the hydrogen ion concentration

A

BUFFERS

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20
Q

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> purified to remove almost all organic materials (minerals)
> It is oldest method of water purification
< can remove microorganisms

A

DISTILLATION

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21
Q

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> removes carry over dissolved gases and nonvolatile substances from a single distillation or deionization process.

A

DOUBLE-DISTILLATION

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22
Q

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> water is passed through a resin column containing positively (+) and negatively (-) charged particles
> These particles combine with ions present in the water for removal then replaced with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions.

A

DEIONIZED WATER/ DEIONIZATION

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23
Q

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> eliminates the need for double distillation

A

DEIONIZED AND DISTILLED COMBINATION

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24
Q

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane
> does not remove dissolved gases

A

REVERSE OSMOSIS

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25
Q

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> can remove particulate matter from municipal water supplies before any additional treatments.
> removes organic materials and chlorine

A

FILTRATION

26
Q

WATER PURIFICATION METHOD:
> are excellent in removing particulate matter, microorganisms, and any pyrogens or endotoxins.

A

ULTRAFILTRATION AND NANOFILTRATION

27
Q

CLINICAL LABORATORY REAGENT-GRADE WATER:
> most pure
> for preparations of standard solutions, buffers, and controls in quantitative procedure.
> used for test methods requiring minimum interference, such as trace metal, iron, and enzyme analyses
> must be immediately used after production. (cannot be stored)
STORAGE:
> immediately consumed

A

TYPE 1

28
Q

CLINICAL LABORATORY REAGENT-GRADE WATER:
> For qualitative procedures like hematology, immunology, microbiology, etc.
> Acceptable for most analytic requirements, including reagent, quality control, and standard preparation.
> used for general laboratory tests that does not require Type 1
STORAGE:
> borosilicate glasses/polyethylene bottles.
> use ASAP to avoid contamination

A

TYPE 2

29
Q

CLINICAL LABORATORY REAGENT-GRADE WATER:
> used in some tests like urinalysis
> may be used as a water source purified for Type 1/2 preparation.
> suitable for washing or rinsing glassware.
> autoclave wash water.
STORAGE:
> borosilicate glasses/polyethylene bottles.
> use ASAP to avoid contamination

A

Type 3

30
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS:
> preferred for laboratory applications and meets the NIST specifications
> do not need to recalibrate by the laboratory

A

CLASS A

31
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS:
> generally, have twice the tolerance limits of CLASS A
> found in student laboratory where durability is needed.

A

CLASS B

32
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:
> do not deliver an exact amount of liquid measured.
> containers and receivers

A

TO CONTAIN

33
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:
> delivers an exact amount of liquid measured.
> volumetric wares

A

TO DELIVER

34
Q

GLASSWARE:
> used for heating or sterilization
> has a high degree or resistance to heat, corrosion, and thermal shock
> has low alkali content
> free from magnesium-lime-zinc group of elements
> strain points: 515 degrees Celsius
> made from pyrex/kimax

A

BOROSILICATE GLASS

35
Q

GLASSWARE:
> high silica content
> heat resistance up to 800 degrees Celsius
> Strengthened chemically rather than thermally
> Generally, not used in the lab.

A

ALUMINOSILICATE

36
Q

TYPES OF ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS:
> 15-25% aluminum oxide
> 52-60% silicon dioxide
> 15% alkaline earth

A

ALKALINE EARTH ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS

37
Q

TYPES OF ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS:
> 10-25% aluminum oxide
> over 10% alkali

A

ALKALI ALUMINOSILICATE GLASS

38
Q

GLASSWARE:
> melted glass down to remove almost all of the non-silicate elements.
> 95-99% silica
> extremely hard to melt (1,700 degrees Celsius)

A

HIGH SILICA GLASS

39
Q

GLASSWARE:
> used in handling strong acids and bases
> boron-free
> referred to a soft glass - less thermal-resistant than borosilicate

A

ACID & ALKALI RESISTANT (VYCOR)

40
Q

GLASSWARE:
> Reduce the amount of light transmitted through the substance in the glassware
> used for photosensitive materials and specimen.

A

LOW ACTINIC GLASS

41
Q

GLASSWARE:
> desirable for production of lenses, prisms, optical instruments
> less resistant to heat and sudden temperature changes
> has only a “fair” resistance to chemical attacks
> easily to melt (for disposable glasses)

A

FLINT GLASS (SODA LIME)

42
Q

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DESIGN:
> delivers the exact volume measured
> meet the Class A NIST specification

A

TO DELIVER

43
Q

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DESIGN:
> can hold or contain a particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume
> Does not meet Class A NIST specification

A

TO CONTAIN

44
Q

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTIC:
> has continuous etched rings on top or near the mouthpiece of the pipette
> exact amount is obtained when the last drop is blow-out
> not rinsed out

A

BLOW-OUT

45
Q

PIPETTE ACCORDING TO DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTIC:
> allows the liquid to drain by gravity
> no frosted or etched rings near the mouthpiece

A

SELF-DRAINING

46
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TRANSFER PIPETTE
> used to deliver only one volume
> used when accuracy & precision are crucial
> made up of kimax or pyrex
> calibrated to deliver a fixed volume of liquid by drainage
> consists of cylindrical bulbs joined at both ends to narrow glass tubing
> a calibration mark is etched around not too close to the upper suction tube
> the bulb should merge gradually into the lower delivery tube.

A

VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE (TD/SD)

47
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TRANSFER PIPETTE
> used for accurate measurement of viscous fluids, such as blood or serum.
> bulb closer to the delivery tip
> top of the meniscus must be read

A

OSTWALD-FOLIN PIPETTE (BO/TD)

48
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: MEASURING PIPETTE
> calibrated between two marks on the stem
> non-viscous fluids
> the tip should not be allowed to touch the vessel while the pipet is draining.

A

MOHR PIPETTE (SD/TD)

49
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: MEASURING PIPETTE
> for viscous fluids
> has graduated marks down to the tip
> has larger orifice

A

SEROLOGICAL PIPETTE (TD/BO)

50
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TO CONTAIN PIPETTES
> calibrated to contain one specified amount of liquid
> used when small amounts of specimen are needed

A

MICROPIPETTES

51
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE: TO CONTAIN PIPETTES
> disposable micropipette used in hematology
> self-filling
> with polyethylene reagent reservoir

A

UNOPETTE

52
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE:
> most routinely used pipet in today’s clinical chemistry laboratory

A

AUTOMATIC PIPETTES

53
Q

TYPES OF GLASSWARE:
> operates by moving the piston in the pipet tip or barrel
> does not require a different tip for each use
> because of carryover concerns, rinsing, and blotting between samples may be required.

A

POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PIPET

54
Q

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES:
> for aqueous solutions, radioactive compounds, acid/alkalis, and nucleotide solutions, which may require mixing following dispensing. Forms foams and bubbles.

A

FORWARD PIPETTING

55
Q

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES:
> for precise pipetting of small volume, pipetting of highly viscous or volatile compounds, and solutions that tend to foam or splash.

A

REVERSE PIPETTING

56
Q

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES:
> For precise repetitive pipetting of the same volume in which carryover is not a concern.

A

REPETITIVE PIPETTING

57
Q

PIPETTING TECHNIQUES:
> For dispensing full amounts of heterogenous samples such as whole blood and serum.

A

PIPETTING OF HETEROGENOUS SAMPLES

58
Q

HEATING UNITS:
> used to cool or heat samples in a highly controlled manner
> they are designed with wide temperature ranges and are adaptable to heating vessels of different sizes.
> Dry system
> 5-15 degrees Celsius

A

HEAT BLOCK

59
Q

HEATING UNITS:
> made from a container filled with heated water.
> it is used to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature over a long period of time.

A

WATER BATH

60
Q
A

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (5 decks)

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