Analysing Children's Speech Flashcards
A speech sound that serves to contrast meaning
between words is called a…
Phoneme
Each speech sound, when considered seperately from the language in which it is used, is called a…
Phone
When word pairs differ by a single phoneme, and the difference is enough to change the meaning, these two words are called…
Minimal pairs
When the distinguishing phonemes in a minimal pair, differ minimally (ie, just in place of articulation), they are referred to as…
Minimally opposing minimal pairs [–> differing in voice, place and manner of articulation = maximally opposing]
Phonemes can be described according to their distinctive features, and can be in minimal or maximal opposition with respect to the number of …. what?
Shared features
If word pairs differ simply by the presence or absence of a phoneme (ie scar - car) they are considered….?
Near minimal pairs
What is an allophone?
each subtle realisation of a phoneme that differs, but not in a way that impacts meaning
/ / surround what?
phonemes
[ ] surround what?
allophones (narrow transcription).
If the substitution of one phone for another does not alter the meaning of the word, the phones are considered ________ of a phoneme.
allophones
If the substitution of one phone for another does alter the meaning of a word, the phones are, what?
phonemes
[kʰʊk ̚] and [kʰʊkʰ] the final phone in each words are allophones in English. True or false?
True –> although the final phones are different, this doesn’t change the meaning of the word.
What is a phoneme in one language, could be an allophone in another. True or false?
True.
Jap. l r
The presence of a distinctive feature across a group of phonemes also
creates a…what?
Natural Class (a group of phonemes with a particular distinctive feature)
What are distinctive features?
A feature of a phoneme that is either present + or absent - These distinctive features capture articulatory and acoustic characteristics of speech sounds.
What are the 3 major class features (in distinctive features)
+/- Consonantal
+/- Sonorant
+/- Approximant
Describe a phoneme with [+ Cons]
Consonantal: Distinguishes true Cs from Vs and glides. True consonants block, redirect or narrow the airflow through the voical tract. Glottal sounds [h, ʔ] are -Cons because constriction occurs at the larynx. [ɹ] is disputed, but is +Cons in Barker & McLeod (2017)
Describe a phoneme with [+ Son]
Sonorants are sounds that allow airflow to be relatively unimpeded through the oral or nasal cavity. ([-son] block or restrict airflow). Sonorants are usually voiced.
Why are Liquids both [+ son] and [+ cons]?
because they
redirect (rather than impede) the airflow.
What are obstruents?
Sounds that impede
the airflow through the vocal tract - Plosives, fricatives, and affricates. Obstruents can be +/- Voiced
What are approximants [± approx]?
Sounds that have a constriction in the
vocal tract while still allowing frictionless escape of air. Vowels and non-nasal sonorants are considered [+ approx], and include
[w, j, ɹ, l].
What are the 3 laryngeal features?
Voice [± voice]
Spread glottis [± s.g.]
Constricted glottis [± c.g.]
What are the four manner features?
Continuant [± cont]
Nasal [± nasal]
Lateral [± lat]
Strident [± strid]
What is the difference between Strident and Sibilant?
Strident is a distinctive feature
in Chomsky and Halle’s (1968) system that reflects an acoustic feature of speech sounds
with noisy airflow. Stridents include [f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ].
Sibilant is a feature of
Ladefoged’s (1971) distinctive feature system, and refers to coronal (tongue tip or blade)
fricatives. Sibilants include [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ].
Which fricatives are neither strident, nor sibilant?
The fricatives [θ] and [ð] are neither strident nor sibilant.
Which fricatives are strident, but not sibilant?
The key difference is that [f] and [v] are strident
but not sibilant.
What are natural (as opposed to marked) features?
Natural features are considered easier to articulate,
more common within and/or across languages, and are likely to be acquired earlier
by children (Johnson & Reimers, 2010).
What are marked features?
Marked
features are thought to be phonetically more complex, less common across languages, and
later developing. The concept of naturalness and markedness applies not only to features
and segments but other aspects of phonology such as syllable shapes, stress patterns, and
phonological rules or processes.
Phonotactics
honotactics refers to the language-specific constraints about how speech sounds combine
to form words in a phonological system. There are three types of constraints: inventory, positional, and sequential constraints (Elbert & Gierut, 1986).
Inventory constraint
Inventory constraints
limit which phonemes are permitted in a language. For instance, the postalveolar click [!]
is permitted in Xhosa but not English.
Postional Constraints
Positional constraints (also referred to as distributional
constraints) limit where phonemes are permitted in words. For instance, in
English the phonemes /ŋ/ and /ʒ/ are not permitted in syllable-initial position, whereas /h/
is not permitted in syllable-final position.
Sequential Constraints
Sequential constraints (also known as combinational constraints) limit how phonemes combine to form syllables and words with respect to both the number of phonemes permitted in a syllable and how they combine
to form the syllable.
For instance, a syllable can begin with up to three consonants, as long as the first consonant is
/s/, the second is either /p, t, k/ and the third consonant is either /l, w, ɹ, j
Sonority
Sonority refers to the amount of sound present in a speech segment (Roca & Johnson,
1999).
