Anaerobic Systems

Question 1

Immediate Energy System

Answer 1

ATP - PCr System
PCr + ADP ⇌ ATP + Cr
enzyme: creatine kinase
ATP ⇌ADP + Pi + energy
enzyme: ATPase

Question 2

Adenylate Kinase

Answer 2

ADP + ADP ⇌ ATP + AMP
enzyme: adenlyate kinate
AMP = adenosine monophosphate

Question 3

When does the adenylate kinase reaction occur?

Answer 3

When ATP consumption is high and the ATP PCr system cannot keep up with the build up of ADP

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

Basic unit of carbohydrate
glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 5

Oligosacharride

Answer 5

2-10 monosaccharides
Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 6

Polysaccharride

Answer 6

3-thousands of monosaccharides
Starches and fibres

Question 7

Anaerobic Glycolysis
(power and capacity)

Answer 7

Lower peak power (15-30s) than ATP PCr system
Higher capacity (45-90s) than ATP PCr system

Question 8

Anaerobic glycolysis / glycogenesis uses?

Answer 8

Glucose and glycogen

Question 9

How does a cell take up glucose

Answer 9

1) Ingest carbohydrates
2) Blood glucose increases
3) Pancreas releases insulin
4) Insulin bonds to receptors
5) Causes exocytosis of GLUT 4 transporter
6) Creates channel for glucose to enter

Question 10

Activating Stage of Glycolysis

Answer 10

ENDERGONIC
Glucose
↓ ATP (enzyme= hexokinase)
Glucose 6- phospahte
Fructose 6- phosphate
↓ATP (enzyme = phosphofructokinase)
Fructose 1-6 Diphosphate

Question 11

Hexokinase inhibition

Answer 11

Occurs when there is lots of glucose 6- phosphate

Question 12

Enzyme for glycogen breakdown

Answer 12

glycogen phosphoylase
Activated by Pi, CA2+, CAMP (sympathetic NS)

Question 13

Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

Answer 13

phosphofructokinase

Question 14

PFK is regulated by?

Answer 14

The energy levels of the cell
If there is lots of ATP, H+ and PCr, PFK will be inhibited
ADP + Pi and AMP activate PFK

Question 15

Splitting Stage of Glycolysis

Answer 15

Splits fructose 1-6 diphosphate into 2 3 carbon molecules (phosphoglyceraldehyde)

Question 16

Oxidation and Reduction Stage of Glycolysis

Answer 16

Exergonic
Reduces 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH + H+
Produces 4 ATP
2 pyruvate

Question 17

NADH H+ can either go

Answer 17

1) To reduce pyruvate to lactate
2) Enter the mitochondria and used in the ETC

Question 18

When will NADH H+ convert pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 18

During intense exercise when we are producing lots of ATP
BUILD UP of pyruvate (don’t have time to move to mitochondria)

Question 19

Reducing pyruvate

Answer 19

Pyruvate
NADH H+
↓ lactate dehydrogenase
NAD+
Lactate

Question 20

Where does glycolysis take place

Answer 20

In the sarcoplasm

Question 21

Carbohydrates Role in the Body (4 roles)

Answer 21

1) Energy from blood glucose, liver and muscle glycogen
2) Fuel for CNS
3) Protein Sparer
4) Fat metabolic primer

Question 22

Where is glycogen stored (in grams)

Answer 22

Muscle (400g = 1600 kcal)
Liver (100g = 400 kcal)
Plasma (3g = 12 kcal)

Question 23

Recommended Carb Intake

Answer 23

sedentary 40%
active 60%
athlete 70 %
of total calorie intake

Question 24

Carbohydrate and diet

Answer 24

You can last almost 3x longer (200 minutes until fatigue) on a high CHO low fat diet