ANA-LEC: Back Flashcards
what is the purpose of the vertebral column
supports the skull, pectoral girdle, UE, thoracic cage and pelvic girdle; transmits weight to LE; protects spinal cord/nerves
the vertebral column starts from
skull to coccyx
how many vertebrae are there
33
how many cervical vertebrae
7
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
how many sacral vertebrae
5
how many bones are in coccyx
4; 3 in some
differentiate primary from secondary curves
primary: at birth; secondary: developed as baby grows
discuss the development of primary curves
starts as one kyphotic curve and disappears as secondary curves develop; thoracic and sacral kyphosis are retained
discuss the development of secondary curves
cervical curve appears as baby learns to extend neck; lordotic curve appears as baby learns how to stand at arnd 11 mo.
what is kyphosis
exaggerated curvature of the thoracic area due to muscle weakness/spasm, compression fracture, Pott’s, osteoporosis, hunchback
differentiate gibbus from dowager’s hump
gibbus: single bone collapsed and sharper curve; dowager’s: T2-T4 and curve is more gradual and rounded
what is lordosis
exaggeration of curvature at lumbar region due to obesity, preggy, congenital dislocation of hip, high heels, swayback
what is scoliosis
lateral deviation of vertebral column at thoracic/lumbar area due to muscle imbalance, hemivertebra, short leg, back pain, idiopathic
levoscolio vs dextrosolio
levo: convex faces left; dextro: convex faces right
what is the cobb method
determines degree of curve
discuss the levels of scolio and how to manage it
mild: 0-20 deg, excercise
moderate: 21-40 deg, bracing
severe: 41+ deg, surgery
for how long would you need to wear a brace for scolio
23 hrs a day; only stop when you stop growing taller
what is lumbarization
S1 resembles L6
where is the anterior longitudinal ligament found and its attachments
from the base of skull to anterior surface of sacrum; vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
where is the posterior longitudinal ligament found and its attachments
posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal; attached along its length to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
where is the ligamenta flava found and its attachments
between the posterior surface of the lamina on the vertebra below to the anterior surface of the lamina of the vertebra above; connects one lamina to another
where is the supraspinous ligament found and its attachments
connects and passes along the tips of the vertebral spinous processes from vertebra CVII to the sacrum
where is the ligamentum nuchae found and its attachments
triangular, sheet-like structure in the median sagittal plane; supports the head
where is the interspinous ligament found and its attachments
between adjacent vertebral spinous processes from the base to the apex of each spinous process; blends with the supraspinous ligament posteriorly and the ligamenta flava anteriorly on each side
at what point does it become the membrane tectoria
upper part from CII to the intracranial aspect of the base of the skull
muscles for flexion
Cervical: longus cervicis, scalenus anterior, sternocleidomastoid
Lumbar: rectus abdominis and psoas
muscles for extension
Cervical: postvertebral muscles
Lumbar: postvertebral muscles
muscles for lateral flexion
Cervical: scalenus anterior, medius, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Lumbar: postvertebral muscles, quadratus lumborum and oblique muscles (sometimes psoas)
muscles for rotation
Cervical: SCM and splenius
Thoracic: semispinalis and rotatores (assisted by obliques)
Lumbar: rotatores muscles and obliques
muscles for circumduction
combination of all muscles
when are intervertebral discs the thickest
in the morning upon waking up; discs decompress/swell while in supine
what is the purpose of discs in the spine
elasticity allows movement in spine; shock absorbers for load on vertebral column
how much of your height to discs make up
25%
anulus fibrous vs nucleus pulposus
anulus: outer rigid layer that protects nucleus
nucleus: gel material mostly water in the middle
explain how slipped discs happen
when doing forward movement the discs are pushed posteriorly; if disc remains bulging it may cause impingement
disc herniation vs herniation
disc: bulge impinges posterior longitudinal ligament
herniation: impingement of nerve root laterally; pain in neck
what is the auscultatory triangle and its boundaries
best site for breath sounds; latissimus dorsi, trapezius, medial border of scapula
what is the lumbar triangle and its boundaries
where pus may emerge from abdominal wall; latissimus dorsi, posterior of external oblique, iliac crest
cervical vs thoracic/lumbar impingement
cervical: quadriplegic
lumbar: paraplegic
jefferson’s fracture
C1 fracture, ring of atlas is disrupted; when standing and something fell on your head
hangman’s fracture
fracture of pedicle of C2 and compresses the cord; common in suicide; phrenic nerve
chance fracture
horizontal fracture in vertebra; L1/L2
odontoid fracture
fracture of odontoid process due to extension loading or flexion loading
cremasteric reflex
only in men; when you strike the inguinal or anterior aspect of thigh, the cremasteric muscle will pull up the scrotum/testes
ankle jerk
tap tendon of Achilles and give an action of plantar flexion
why are costal facets found on thoracic only
because of rib attachment
spondylolisthesis
anterior slippage of L5; nerve roots pressed = back pain
explain “heavier the load, bigger the bone”
cervical: smallest; head
lumbar: biggest; trunk
what is the suboccipital triangle
contains suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery; supplies sensory which can cause headache when impinged
whats is the function of ligamenta flava
resists separation of the laminae in flexion and assist in extension back to the anatomical position
function of ligamentum nuchae
resists flexion and facilitates returning the head to the anatomical position
what makes T10 and T11 different
floating ribs; no costal facets
superficial muscles
traps, lats, levator scapulae. rhomboids minor/major
intermediate muscles
serratus posterior siup/inf
superficial running deep
iliocostalis
longissimus
spina;is
intermediate oblique
semispinalis
multifudus
rotatores
deepest muscles
interspinales
intertransversarii
