ANA-LEC: Back

Question 1

what is the purpose of the vertebral column

Answer 1

supports the skull, pectoral girdle, UE, thoracic cage and pelvic girdle; transmits weight to LE; protects spinal cord/nerves

Question 2

the vertebral column starts from

Answer 2

skull to coccyx

Question 3

how many vertebrae are there

Answer 3

33

Question 4

how many cervical vertebrae

Answer 4

7

Question 5

how many thoracic vertebrae

Answer 5

12

Question 6

how many lumbar vertebrae

Answer 6

5

Question 7

how many sacral vertebrae

Answer 7

5

Question 8

how many bones are in coccyx

Answer 8

4; 3 in some

Question 9

differentiate primary from secondary curves

Answer 9

primary: at birth; secondary: developed as baby grows

Question 10

discuss the development of primary curves

Answer 10

starts as one kyphotic curve and disappears as secondary curves develop; thoracic and sacral kyphosis are retained

Question 11

discuss the development of secondary curves

Answer 11

cervical curve appears as baby learns to extend neck; lordotic curve appears as baby learns how to stand at arnd 11 mo.

Question 12

what is kyphosis

Answer 12

exaggerated curvature of the thoracic area due to muscle weakness/spasm, compression fracture, Pott’s, osteoporosis, hunchback

Question 13

differentiate gibbus from dowager’s hump

Answer 13

gibbus: single bone collapsed and sharper curve; dowager’s: T2-T4 and curve is more gradual and rounded

Question 14

what is lordosis

Answer 14

exaggeration of curvature at lumbar region due to obesity, preggy, congenital dislocation of hip, high heels, swayback

Question 15

what is scoliosis

Answer 15

lateral deviation of vertebral column at thoracic/lumbar area due to muscle imbalance, hemivertebra, short leg, back pain, idiopathic

Question 16

levoscolio vs dextrosolio

Answer 16

levo: convex faces left; dextro: convex faces right

Question 17

what is the cobb method

Answer 17

determines degree of curve

Question 18

discuss the levels of scolio and how to manage it

Answer 18

mild: 0-20 deg, excercise
moderate: 21-40 deg, bracing
severe: 41+ deg, surgery

Question 19

for how long would you need to wear a brace for scolio

Answer 19

23 hrs a day; only stop when you stop growing taller

Question 20

what is lumbarization

Answer 20

S1 resembles L6

Question 21

where is the anterior longitudinal ligament found and its attachments

Answer 21

from the base of skull to anterior surface of sacrum; vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

Question 22

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament found and its attachments

Answer 22

posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal; attached along its length to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

Question 23

where is the ligamenta flava found and its attachments

Answer 23

between the posterior surface of the lamina on the vertebra below to the anterior surface of the lamina of the vertebra above; connects one lamina to another

Question 24

where is the supraspinous ligament found and its attachments

Answer 24

connects and passes along the tips of the vertebral spinous processes from vertebra CVII to the sacrum

Question 25

where is the ligamentum nuchae found and its attachments

Answer 25

triangular, sheet-like structure in the median sagittal plane; supports the head

Question 26

where is the interspinous ligament found and its attachments

Answer 26

between adjacent vertebral spinous processes from the base to the apex of each spinous process; blends with the supraspinous ligament posteriorly and the ligamenta flava anteriorly on each side

Question 27

at what point does it become the membrane tectoria

Answer 27

upper part from CII to the intracranial aspect of the base of the skull

Question 28

muscles for flexion

Answer 28

Cervical: longus cervicis, scalenus anterior, sternocleidomastoid Lumbar: rectus abdominis and psoas

Question 29

muscles for extension

Answer 29

Cervical: postvertebral muscles Lumbar: postvertebral muscles

Question 30

muscles for lateral flexion

Answer 30

Cervical: scalenus anterior, medius, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid Lumbar: postvertebral muscles, quadratus lumborum and oblique muscles (sometimes psoas)

Question 31

muscles for rotation

Answer 31

Cervical: SCM and splenius Thoracic: semispinalis and rotatores (assisted by obliques) Lumbar: rotatores muscles and obliques

Question 32

muscles for circumduction

Answer 32

combination of all muscles

Question 33

when are intervertebral discs the thickest

Answer 33

in the morning upon waking up; discs decompress/swell while in supine

Question 34

what is the purpose of discs in the spine

Answer 34

elasticity allows movement in spine; shock absorbers for load on vertebral column

Question 35

how much of your height to discs make up

Answer 35

25%

Question 36

anulus fibrous vs nucleus pulposus

Answer 36

anulus: outer rigid layer that protects nucleus nucleus: gel material mostly water in the middle

Question 37

explain how slipped discs happen

Answer 37

when doing forward movement the discs are pushed posteriorly; if disc remains bulging it may cause impingement

Question 38

disc herniation vs herniation

Answer 38

disc: bulge impinges posterior longitudinal ligament herniation: impingement of nerve root laterally; pain in neck

Question 39

what is the auscultatory triangle and its boundaries

Answer 39

best site for breath sounds; latissimus dorsi, trapezius, medial border of scapula

Question 40

what is the lumbar triangle and its boundaries

Answer 40

where pus may emerge from abdominal wall; latissimus dorsi, posterior of external oblique, iliac crest

Question 41

cervical vs thoracic/lumbar impingement

Answer 41

cervical: quadriplegic lumbar: paraplegic

Question 42

jefferson's fracture

Answer 42

C1 fracture, ring of atlas is disrupted; when standing and something fell on your head

Question 43

hangman's fracture

Answer 43

fracture of pedicle of C2 and compresses the cord; common in suicide; phrenic nerve

Question 44

chance fracture

Answer 44

horizontal fracture in vertebra; L1/L2

Question 45

odontoid fracture

Answer 45

fracture of odontoid process due to extension loading or flexion loading

Question 46

cremasteric reflex

Answer 46

only in men; when you strike the inguinal or anterior aspect of thigh, the cremasteric muscle will pull up the scrotum/testes

Question 47

ankle jerk

Answer 47

tap tendon of Achilles and give an action of plantar flexion

Question 48

why are costal facets found on thoracic only

Answer 48

because of rib attachment

Question 49

spondylolisthesis

Answer 49

anterior slippage of L5; nerve roots pressed = back pain

Question 50

explain "heavier the load, bigger the bone"

Answer 50

cervical: smallest; head lumbar: biggest; trunk

Question 51

what is the suboccipital triangle

Answer 51

contains suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery; supplies sensory which can cause headache when impinged

Question 52

whats is the function of ligamenta flava

Answer 52

resists separation of the laminae in flexion and assist in extension back to the anatomical position

Question 53

function of ligamentum nuchae

Answer 53

resists flexion and facilitates returning the head to the anatomical position

Question 54

what makes T10 and T11 different

Answer 54

floating ribs; no costal facets

Question 55

superficial muscles

Answer 55

traps, lats, levator scapulae. rhomboids minor/major

Question 56

intermediate muscles

Answer 56

serratus posterior siup/inf

Question 57

superficial running deep

Answer 57

iliocostalis longissimus spina;is

Question 58

intermediate oblique

Answer 58

semispinalis multifudus rotatores

Question 59

deepest muscles

Answer 59

interspinales intertransversarii