AMT 114 THEORY OF FLIGHT WITH WEIGHT AND BALANCE Flashcards
any vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support
from the air.
The Aircraft
Parts of an Aircraft:
Powerplant, Wings, Empennage, Landing gear, Fuselage
Classes of Airplane:
-Single Engine - Land
-Single Engine - Sea
-Multi Engine - Land
-Multi Engine - Sea
4 Categories of Aircraft:
- Airplane
-Rotorcraft
-Glider
-Lighter than Air
The early engine that they designed generated almost 12 horsepower. That’s the same power as two hand-propelled lawn mower engines!
Wright Brothers
were very deliberate in their quest for flight.
Wright Brothers - 1903
Categories of Airplane:
- Normal - max of +3.8Gs and -1.52Gs
- Utility - max of +4.4Gs and -1.75Gs
-Acrobatic - max of 6Gs and -3Gs
Fuselage Construction
Truss type
- Heavy
- Very Sturdy
(Longerons, Struts, Bulkhead, Stringers)
Types of Airplane (It is the maker or manufacturer and the model of
the airplane):
Cessna 152
Boeing 787
Airbus A350
is the central body of an airplane and is designed to accommodate the crew, passengers, and cargo.
Fuselage
Monocoque Parts and classifications
- Light
- Not Very Durable
Stressed skin, Formers, Bulkhead
Semi Monocoque parts:
Stringers, Bulkhead, Skin, Formers
Wing support:
-Cantilever wing
-Semi Cantilever
Are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight.
Wings
- Lighter than Truss
Type
Semi-Monocoque
Wing Location:
-Low wing
-Mid Wing
-High Wing
Parts of Wings:
Wing flap, Spar, Aiteron, Fuel tank, Skin, Ribs, Stringers, Wing tip
S t u r d i e r t h a n
Monocoque
Semi-Monocoque (Fuselage)
Number of Wings
-Monoplane
-Biplane
Wing Aspect Ratio
-Low aspect Ratio, Moderate aspect Ratio, High Aspect Ratio
Landing Gear Positions:
Conventional, Tricycle Type
Primary function is to provide the power to turn the propeller
Powerplant
Empennage Parts:
Horizontal stabilizer, Vertical stabilizer, Rudder, Trim Tabs, Elevator
Wing Sweep:
Straight, Sweptback
Classification of Landing Gear
Rectractable landing gear, Fix gear
is the upward force created by wings as the air
flows around them and it keeps the airplane in the air
Lift
Wing Planform:
Constant, Tapered
Types of Landing Gear:
Floats, Skis, Wheels
- is the forward force and created by the aircraft’s
propellers or turbine engine.
Thrust
it contains -stabilizers, elevators, rudder, trim tabs
The Empennage
Usually includes both the engine and the propeller
Powerplant
Four forces of Flight
Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
is the force acting in the direction opposite of the thrust
which limits the performance of the airplane.
Drag
Lift force =?
Weight Force
- is the downward force toward the center of the earth and is opposite of lift. It exists due to gravity
Weight
When an aircraft is maintaining its heading, altitude,
and airspeed.
Straight-and-Level, Unaccelerated Flight
is Perpendicular to the Relative Wind
Lift
can be liquid, gas, or plasma
Fluids
Thrust Force =?
Drag force
Two Major Theories on Lift:
- Newton’s Third Law of Motion
- Bernoulli’s Principle
The key to an aircraft’s ability to fly is “___”
Lift
is a surface that generates an aerodynamic force as a fluid moves around it.
Airfoil
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Top part of an airfoil
Upper Camber
are any substance that deform under an applied stress
Fluids
is produced due to the airfoil shape.
Lift
Aft most point of an airfoil
Trailing Edge
as the airplane flies through the air the path that the airplane travels along is know as its _____
Flight Path
- angle between the chord line and the relative wind
Angle of Attack
Forward most point of an airfoil
Leading Edge
- Line from Leading Edge to Trailing Edge
Chord line
airflow that flows around the airplane as it travel
through the air, and is in the opposite direction of the flight path
Relative Wind
Bottom part of an airfoil
Lower Camber
states that areas with highpressure moves to areas with low pressure. Since the wing is in between the low and high
pressures, it is therefore lifted up.
Pressure gradient force
This states that,
“as the velocity of fluid (air)
increases, its internal pressure decreases”
Bernoulli’s Principle (The Venturi Effect)
Due to the shape of the airfoil, the air travelling at the top of the airfoil will increase in speed which results in a lower pressure as compared to the pressure
below the airfoil. This imbalance is called _______
pressure gradient force.
This change in pressure happens due to expansion and compression of fluids.
Bernoulli’s Principle (The Venturi Effect)
As air flows around a wing, the air gets deflected downward which results it in lifting (opposite
reaction) the wing
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Engineer’s Formula
L= CL
(1/2)(ρ)(V2)(S)
L= Lift
CL=Coefficient of Lift
ρ = air density
V = velocity of the aircraft
S = Surface area of the Wing
Is an event where the
wing stops generating
enough lift to keep the
aircraft flying.
Stall
High angle of attack
Decreasing airspeed
Sluggish controls
Stall Horn
Buffeting or Vibration
Nose down
Negative VSI
Signs of Stall
Heart of the aircraft
propeller
Happens when the
critical angle of attack
is reached.
Stall
2 types of airfoil:
Symmetrical, Asymmetrical
L =?
CL=?
p=?
V=?
S=?
Lift, Coefficient of Lift, Air Density (rho), Velocity of the aircraft, Surface area of wind
Lift Formula = ?
L = CL (1/2) (p)(V2)(S)
What are the signs of stall:
High angle of attack
Decreasing airspeed
Sluggish controls
Stall Horn
Buffeting or Vibration
Nose down
Negative VSI
Movement on the ground without any support
Taxi
