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An Sci 120 > Amphibians & Reptiles > Flashcards

Amphibians & Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

What is Batrachotoxin

A

secretory glands on frog skin that are very toxic

2 grains of table salt size will kill a 150 lb person

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2
Q

What is an indicator species

A

A species whose presence, absence, or relative well-being in a given environment is indicative of the health of its ecosystem

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3
Q

Why are frogs an indicator species

A

permeable skin
amphibious lifestyle
complex life cycle

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4
Q

What are fire-bellied toads

A 
common pet frog
2 inched long
midly toxic 
aquatic enviroment 
lifespan 10-15 yrs
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5
Q

What are poison dart frogs

A

common pet frog
brightly coloured
have batrachotoxin
live 3-5 years

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6
Q

what are south American horned frogs

A 
have horny skin (ceratophry)
2 inches long 
live 6-8 years 
pacman frog
common pet frog
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7
Q

what are african clawed frogs

A

common pet frog
common in biomedical research
6 inches long live 15 years

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8
Q

what are tree frogs

A

common pet frog

nocturnal

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9
Q

what are bullfrogs

A

large frogs
deep voice croaks
9 inches long
live over 35 years

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10
Q

what are leopard frogs

A

found in USA and southern canada
3.5 inches long
live 5-8 years

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11
Q

what is a toad

A

have shorter thicker bodies with short legs and can not jump as far as frogs
can be pests

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12
Q

What is the Cane Toad

A

an invasive species of toad
eats both living & dead matter (voracious appetite)
highly poisonous
kills predators that eat it

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13
Q

What do cane toads do when threatened

A

turn so parotid glands face predator; toxin oozes from gland and secretes a fine spray at attackers

causes intense pain in humans and temporary blindness

causes fatal indirect poisoning; eating soup with contaminated cane toads will cause this

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14
Q

What does smooth skin on frogs do

A

absorbs water and electrolytes and helps absorb oxygen

skin must be kept moist

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15
Q

What are two skin glands of frogs

A
  1. Mucous glands secrete slimy coat
  2. Granular glands secrete:
    - antimicrobials
    - pheromeones
    - analgesics
    - toxins
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16
Q

what does the lateral line do

A

detects vibrations and changes current

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17
Q

what are the 3 types of adult frog

A

aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial

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18
Q

what is the husbandry of frogs

A

enclosure should mimic natural habitat

like places to hide

water needs to be dechlorinated

cleaning supplies are toxic

frogs are ectothermic: need external heat

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19
Q

what is Redleg

A

a disease in frogs that is associated with poor nutrition, husbandry, over crowding, stress, fecal contaminated water, and spoiled food

common in wild caught species

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20
Q

what is Chytrid

A

a fungi that causes cotton-like tuff around a frogs mouth

leads to skin injury: loss of fluids and electrolyes & increased secondary bacterial infections

treatment: saltwater bath or benzalkonium chloride

21
Q

what is Mycobacteriosis

A

granulomatous lesion throughout the body
potential zoonotic disease
can be fatal in immunosuppressed animals

22
Q

what do parasites do to frogs

A

burrow under the skin; the skin will have an irregular appearance
prone to secondary bacterial infections
highly contagious in stressed frogs

23
Q

What is Iridovirus

A

caused major death of frogs in asia and us

infects frogs & tadpoles

results in wart like lesions of skin that can ulcerate

leads to death

24
Q

what is chlamydia psittaci (psitacosis of birds)

A

released into the enviroment by scared birds

infects frogs

leads to muscle loss, abdominal distension, reddening of skin

zoonotic: causes fatal pneumonia in people

25
Q

What are 6 types of pet lizards

A
  1. Iguanas
  2. Bearded dragon
  3. Water dragon
  4. Anoles
  5. Skinks
  6. Gecko
26
Q

What are two venomous lizards

A
  1. Gila monster

2, Beaded lizard

27
Q

how many chambers do lizards hearts have

A

3

28
Q

what do lizard tails do

A

lizards can ‘drop’ their tails as an escape mechanism. New tail will grow back but will be a different colour

29
Q

What are 8 factors of lizard husbandry

A
  1. Housing
    - need enclosures with tight lids
    - needs places to hide
    - pine & cedar shavings are toxic
  2. Water
    - needs fresh water daily
  3. Temperature
    - ectotherms
    - need external heat to regulate body temp
  4. humidity
    - too wet: leads to dermatitis
    - too dry: dehydrates skin
  5. Light
    - vitamin D synthesis; need full spectrum light bulb
  6. cleaning
    - reduces infection
    - dilute bleach is good cleaning solution
  7. Feeding
  8. Handling
    - must support entire body
30
Q

what is infectious stomatitis

A

‘mouth rot’ or inflammation of mouth

caused by: low temp, overcrowding, dirty cages, inappropriate diets

bacteria causes salmonella, E.coli, serratia, and pseudomonas

31
Q

what is protozoal disease

A

affects body organs
causes: stop eating, bloody diarrhea, dehydration
turtles are carries and will be a source of infection of snakes and lizards

32
Q

what are 3 infectious diseases in lizards

A
  1. Cryptosporidium saurophilum: severe emaciation, muscle loss, usually need to terminate lizard
  2. Coccidiosis: diarrhea and dehydration; affects young animals
  3. Adenovirus: muscle loss, weakness, dehydration
33
Q

what is the first indication of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in iguanas

A

refuse to lift head and tail off the ground when walking

low calcium causes body to become soft

34
Q

what are 3 venomous types of snakes

A
  1. Vipers
  2. Elapid
  3. Coubirds
35
Q

what are six pet snakes

A
  1. Boas
    - good breeders in captivity and tame quickly
  2. Ball Pythons
    - docile
  3. Garter snakes
  4. King snakes
  5. Corn snakes

6, Hognose snake

36
Q

what does the snake tongue do

A

it is forked

it detects chemical scents; has olfactory organ in root of mouth

37
Q

what does the opening of the trachea allow snakes to do

A

to breath while holding prey

38
Q

how many chambers do snake hearts have

A

3

39
Q

what is the husbandry of snakes

A
  1. Hosuing
    - enclosure with tight lids
    - no free edges
    - needs hiding space
  2. Water
    - needs large bowls so it can soak
  3. Temperature
    - ectotherms
    - if snake gets cold it becomes obstipated
  4. humidity
  5. feeding
    - need to ensure proper diet
  6. handling
    - support body as much as possible
40
Q

what is Inclusion body disease retrovirus

A 
has significant mortality 
snakes have locomotion problems (star gazing) 
weight loss
abnormal shedding
pneumonia
41
Q

what is Dysecdysis

A

abnormal shedding

42
Q

what do Cryptodira turtles do

A

retract head with vertical S shape

43
Q

what do Pleurodira turtles do

A

hold head in a sideways fashion

44
Q

what is the difference between Aquatic turtles, Terrapins, and Tortoise

A

Aquatic: exclusively live in water except to lay eggs

Terrapins: move between land and water

Tortoise: Terrestrial animals; do not swim

45
Q

factors of turtle biology

A

Chelonian shells: fused to vertebra and rib: bony plates covered by sac;es

hinges allow for flexibility in shell

turtles have no teeth: has a horny beak to tear off food

3 chamber heart

46
Q

What is husbandry of Turtles

A
  1. Enclosure
    - must fit turtle
    - outdoor pens must be placed deeply
    - need place to hide
  2. Water
    - needs deep water to swim
    - needs to be changed frequently
  3. Heat
    - ectotherms
    - too hot: turtle are stuporous
    - too cold: turtles will hibernate
  4. Humidity
    - incorrect will lead to shedding scales & shell lesions
  5. Light
    needs full spectrum bulb
  6. feeding
    - most turtles are carnivorus
    - terrapin: omnivorous
    - tortoise: primarily herbivore
    - aquatic: only eat in water
  7. Handling
    - grab back portion of shell
47
Q

common diseases of turtles

A
  1. Metabolic Bone Disease
  2. Shell Fractures
  3. Vitamin A deficency
48
Q

What causes respiratory tract infection in turtles

A

overcrowding

imporper temperature and humidity

49
Q

Do all reptiles carry salmonella

A

they are all potential carriers of it

An Sci 120 (15 decks)

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