Ammo Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of lethalality?
Target characteristics, effect on target, weapon being used
For a Veh what 3 parts would you need to defeat?
Crew, mobility, and firepower
What are you looking for in a M kill?
Mobility kill - kill the driver, track wheels, engine
What are you looking for in a F kill?
Firepower kill - gunner/loader, turret weapon station, armament, optics sensors
What are you looking for in a K kill?
Catastrophic kill - veh crew kill, (missed the rest)
Two basic modes of attack for attacking armour?
Chemical energy, kinetic energy
What is the equation of Kinetic energy?
E=1/2MV^2
Characteristics of kinetic energy attack?
Flat trajectory, high mass and velocity, unsophisticated, no fuze, high velocity, high pressures
Why does the sabot need to be removed in flight on a KE attack?
So there is less drag
How can you improve KE rounds?
Increase L/D ratio, Increase penetrator density - W/DU, reduce mass of sabot, improve sabot separation, increase, propellant energy, longer barrel, increase barrel calibre, liquid propellants, EM rail gun and Electro thermal chemical
In a chemical energy weapon what has an effect on the target?
The explosives
What is a major difference between KE and CE ammunition?
The fuze
What are the 3 types of directed energy warheads?
HESH, HEAT, EFP
Features of a HESH round?
Thin walls, inert nose pad to absorb shock of hitting the target, base fuze, tracer
What does the Explosive fill need to be in a HESH round?
Malleable
How does the HESH round work?
Shell pancakes on target, detonates, causes a Incident compressive wave, whic then forms a reflective tensile wave scab which causes scabbing of the armour inside the target
Does HESH require huge amounts of spin
No, although spin stabilised on impact it doesnt want huge amounts of spin
What factors change how a shape charge works?
Initiation, wave shaper, angle of attack, do not spin, explosive fill, stand off, cone material, cone shape, cone angle, cone diameter, wave shaper
What is the biggest factor in a shape charge penetration?
Cone diameter, greater cone dimeter greater penetration depth
What can a shape charge penetrate against RHA?
up to 10x
how to improve armour?
Slope it, bar armour, ERA
How is the body broken down as a target?
Head, chest, Legs, torso
Human Target Characteristics?
Unpredictable, difficult to acquire, protected by armour, short exposure tine delicate and vulnerable - Complex target
Probability of Kill?
Probability of weapon working x probability of a hit x probability of hit being lethal
What is incapacitiating?
When someone is unable to carry out their primary task
What is suppression?
The enemy is suppressed when they are unable or unwilling to OFM on to friendly forces due to either threat or fear of injury
What are the effect on the human body from an explosives?
Blast/over pressure, high explosive driven fragmentation, low explosive driven bullet, incendiary/heat/burn, pyro
What does all the pale green shell contain?
White phosphorous
How much space on the body is taken up by areas if hit would lead to rapid incapacitation?
Total of 720 cm^2
How many different types of incapacitation are there?
14 different types with the main two being defence for 30 seconds and assault for 5 minutes this is normally due to adrenaline
How much time does it take for it to count as rapid incapacitationing.
1 Second
3 main methods for causing casulaties
Small arms, Fragmentation, blast
What causes the incapacting when small arms hits the body?
Its the dumping of energy in the body
What are the two types of cavitation?
Temporary and permanent
What are the key characteristics of effectiveness on impact in the body?
Amount of energy transfer(important), rate of transfer(Important), location of transfer, density of tissue hit, vital organs hit
how much energy does something require for it to be leathal?
80 joules or above for an unprotected person
Types of fragmentation?
Natural frag, Controlled frag, Pre-formed frag
What is the difference between preformed and controlled frag?
Controlled is built into the shell by notches, where is preformed is more like flachette or nuts and bolts
What is important when designing a shell for fragmentation
Charge to weight ratio
What is blast
An effect caused by detonation shock wave pasing through the air spreadign outwards formt he point of iniditoation. the imapact of this shock wave through on the air.
What are the three distinct phenomena from blast injuries?
Acceleration - blast vibrates through tissues
Spalling in the lung
Impolsion decreases oressure casues sudden expanstion bubbles
What is the mach stem effect?
The rebounding blast wave off the floor meeting the blast wave from the air burst muntion causing a double wave front
What is the law for blast effect at altitude?
Inverse cube law
What are the target groups for airborne?
Fast movers - above 300 knots, fast jets
slow moving - below 300 knots, transport, ground attack, drones,
helicopters - Attack and support
How many route to attacking the vulnerability are there?
Two
What are the two routes of vulnerability?
attacking the structural integrity, and attacking the system (Working parts- computers, power, etc)
What are some requirements of AD?
short reaction time, all weather, easy to operate, high kill performance, high reliability, cost effective
What is the inverse cube law?
Actual distance/ (cube root of Mass of explosive)
What are the forces acting on a fuze?
Set back, Creep forward, centrifugal force, spin decay, stored energy, set forward
Key components of set back
Caused by rapid acceleration, locks components onto seatings, greater than centrifugal force, compresses springs
Key components of creep forward
Components initially locked ease forward, springs re assert, spin begins to influence
Small arms traditionally don’t have fuzes?
it is functioned by the impact of target
Componenets of centrifugal force
Components are thrown outwards, shutters move, detents are withdrawn, retaining balls move outward
Componenets of spin decay
Can be used to trigger self destruct mechanisms
Componenets of set froward
Triggers DA fuzes with point detonation striker, inertia pellet
Components of stored energy
Mechanical used to operate springs used to operate clockwork devices or move shutters used in electrical chemical and gas generators
What is a common method of operation of a fuze?
Unlocked by setback but held by from further movement by acceleration of the shell, creep forward causes components to ease, components moved to armed position by centrifugal force, set forward on impact causes fuze to function
What are some main mechanical devices in a mechanical fuze?
Holding devices, masking devices, firing devices
What is the main role of a holding device?
Designed to lock components in position until removed by a force or other form of power
What some examples of holding devices?
Shear wire (holds wire implace until impact which drives firing pin through it),
Striker spring (spring that hold the stricker in place until impact),
Spring disc (Holds bit of metal which inverts on impact conecting the striker to detonator),
Stricker cup ( Similar to last but with cup)
Detent ( small springs hold firing pin which move on forces)
Centrigugal ballls (balls fly out becasue of centrifugal force creating space for the striker to move)
Stirrup spring and ferrule ( locking bars move out the way to make room for stricker to move)
Saftey pin ( holds striker in the way)
horses head segments ( move out as a result of centifugal force)
What are masking devices?
Designed to block the initation train or divert the flash to another channel in the fuze
What are some Masking devices?
Rotating shutter - held by detent
Sliding shutter - Held by locking wheel
Delayed arming shutter - moved by centrifugal force
Interupter - physical barrier which blocks the flash channel
Setting bolt - bolt which turns with a hole in it blocking or not blocking a path
What is a firing device
Components designed to initiate the detonator in a fuze
What are some types of firing devices?
Electircal - bridgewire, exploding bridge wire, conducting cap,
Mechanical - striker firing pin driven on to detonator by impact or stored chem energy, inertia pellet
What types of fuze action are there?
Percussion DA - Function on impact, striker driven into detonator, SQ or Delay
Percussion graze - Designed to function on appreciable deceleration uses inertia pellet
time - combustion, mechanical, electronic
proximity - designed to funciton on near target, VT, transmits waves to target to find distance,
Combination/MRF - function in more than one role, fuze MRF L116
What is a mortar?
A mortar is a weapon in which the main recoil force is transmitted directly to the ground through the base plate. It is usually smooth bore muzzle loading firing a fin stabilised bomb with its own charge at low MV and high trajectory.
What are the 4 compoments of a mortar?
Barrel, bipod, sight, baseplate
What are light mortars in mm?
50-70mm
What are the medium mortar mortars in mm?
71-100mm
What is the min range of medium mortars?
80m
What are the heavy mortars in mm?
usually 120mm
What are the advantages of mortars?
Moderate costs, low weight, simplicity, high angle of fire, high rate of fire.
What are the disadvantages of mortars?
Long time of flight, inaccuarcy, ground conditions affect baseplate, no crew protection
What are some mortar characteristics?
Thin stablised, smooth bore, remember how this may influnce design, low chamber pressure,
mortar bomb components?
Fuze, body, filling, payload, propulsion system, tail unit
Types of mortar bomb natures
HE, smoke, illuminating, bomblets, terminally guided anti armour
What are the 3 types of smoke mortar bomb?
Smoke bursting, base emission ejection
What is the operation in mortar bomb?
before firing distance to target will determine the elevation of the mortar barrel and whether any augmenting cartridges will be removed from the mortar bomb tail. the firing tables specify the correct combination to be used the fuze is set to SQ or delay before the safety pin is withdrawn
On firring the bomb witted with the primary cartidge and augemnt cartidges is loaded into the mortar barrel, the bomb travels down the barrel and the striker pin at the base impinges on the primary catridge plunger whihc is forced into the percussion cap which fires and ignites the gunpowder in the capsule. The flash from the capsule passes through the flash tube to ignite the priamry cartdige propellant chagre and rupture the contain at the flash holes in the tail the hot gases escaping through the flash holes ignite and teh augenting charge the resultant increase in chamber prssure freom the propellant gases froces the obturnating ring to expanding its groove to form a seal between and the bomb…
in flight within a short diance of th ebomb exiting the barrle the fuze is armed and the nose extends. on impact the extended nose acts on the striker forcing the striker into the detonatro in hthe shutter which initiates the lead assenvkt and magazine through the exploder in the bomb and main filling
What is windage?
Windage is the gap between the bomb and the barrel allowing bomb to descend on to the firing pin the calibre of the bomb must be considerably less than that of the tube from which it is fired. it allows a cushion of air to escape and is typically 0.5mm all around the bomb
What are the 3 way a mortar bomb is stable?
Centre of pressure, centre of gravity, stactic margin
What can effect a mortar bomb in flight?
Yaw pitch drag
What is the purpose of a fuze?
Safety, arming, triggering
Whats in a fuze?
Antenna, programming coil, transmitter reciever, impact switch, proxmity …
Princciple user requirements are?
Safety - against premature functioning, during storage, transport, handling and firing, in line with defence requirements,
Reliability - by minimising working parts, environment hardening, strict engineering specifications
Safety principles of a fuze?
Arming, material compatibility, desgin safety, user inspection, interruption of explosive train, mechanicnal lock, delayed arming, in line explosive trains, software safety, user drills
Design requirements of a fuze?
Avoid blinds, robust, easy setting, mutlie role, standard weight and cavity size, optional delay
What fuze classification?
Posistion, fuction, filling
What is the position types?
Nose and base
What are the functional classes?
Percussion - direct action (Super quick), percussion graze, percussion delay
Time - combustion time fuze, mechanical time fuze, electronic time fuze
Proximity - also know as variable time
Multi-role - one, two or all of the above features
3 types of time fuctions?
Combustion, mechanical, electronic
What are the characteristics of a proximiry?
Fuzes utilising doppler radar to function at a predetermined distance from the target…
Filling classsication characteristics
Disruptive - contain detonating composition
Igniferous - produce a flash for initiating a delay comp
-No filling pistols
What are the two main types
Igniferous and disruptive
How is a explosive train in a fuze?
Initiatory explosive - intermediaries - delay compositions
What is counter mobility types?
Bridge dem, route denial, rail denial buildings
What are some types of infrastructure denial?
Martime power stations installations water communications
What are some mobility types?
Assualt breaching, EMOE, Banglore, SCATMIN, Obstacle breaching
Whats reserve demolition?
Authority to demolish of the target is reserved to a specific commander, single stage attack, target must be trafficicable throughout.
What is prelimary demolition?
Demed immediately after preparation
What is minimum firing ciruits?
single point of initaltion per charge
What is a maximum firing circuit?
Used to guarantee success, double up everything
What are states of readiness?
they are different stages where the charges placed and sectured but things are not connected
What are prioties tasks?
P1 being something that needs to be demolition immeditaly, p2 is stuff around which could still be used to cross
Two catergories of gun fired projectiles?
Shot and shell
What are the two types of shell?
HE Shell and carrier shell
What are the two types of HE Shell?
Anti personnel, anti tank
Requirements of a HE shell?
withstand stresses, produce desired target effect
What are the target effects of HE?
Blast - falls of rapidly with distance. a hit or near miss is necessary (inverse cube law)
Fragmentation - used against personnel and soft skinned vehicles
What factors effect frag?
Shell body material and construction, explosive capacity, type of explosive, type of fuze
What is the leathal energy?
79/80 joules
What makes up good frag design with the wieght of each frag?
Below 1g of each frag
How to optimise HE shell frag?
Maximum number of frag, shape and size
What fuze types are in HE?
SQ, Delay, time, proximityha
What is Adibatic heating?
Heating through pressure heat occurs without entering or leaving the system souly in the explsoive through compression
What is a carrier shell?
Delievers a payload to a target after which the shell is uselss
What four types of carrier shells are they
Bursting, nose ejection, base ejection and base emission
What does a bursting shell do?
Scatter the fill by an explosive charge, same explosive train as a HE shell
How does nose ejection work?
Baffle plate push object out the nose
What is base ejection?
A fuze will initate some form of purplosion charge which will rupture the gas to expell in something like an illume pot.
base emission?
Low veolcity only use for smoke, propellant gases used to ignite main filling.
What are some carrier shell roles?
Anti personnel, smoke, incendiary, propaganda, illume, chemical, radar, sub munitions
What are the method of attack for anti personnel in the carrier shell?
Frag, HEAT, Kinetic
Naming convention?
L - british
M - american
DM - German
What are the targets of sub munitions?
Light armoured Vehs, Troops in the open
What are the three main components of a propelling charge?
Initiator (primer or tube), propellant, charge container
What are some type of gun type ammos?
Ammunition obturation, breech obturation, RCL (recoilless)
What are the types of ammunition obturated?
Fixed, sparate, semi fix
What is the difference between primer and tubes?
Ammo obturated - for Primers
Breech obturated - for tubes
What are the effects of irregular ignition?
Spike in pressure can result in failure/ bursting of a breech
Breech oburated characteristics ?
Uses tubes, functioned by percussion or electrical
What is a mine?
Something that is dormant that can damage and destory Pers, Veh, . It may be operated by the subject
What are the 3ish types of mines?
Anti pers, anti veh/tank, anti helicopter
How are mines going to be deployed?
CADP, situationation orientated, target orientated
What are some of the design principles of mines?
All weather, cost effective, resource available, covert, C-CBRN, effect: Comds intent, physical, pyschological, Operational characteristics: snesitivity, ease of laying, resistance to counter measures, delayed arming, control/sterukusation logisitcs
Components of a mine?
Main charge, containor, fuze, firing mechanism, anti tamper device
What does a fuze do on a mine?
functions the mine
What types of anti personnel mines are there?
Pressure, omni directional frag, Directional frag
What types of anti tank mine is there?
Track width attack, full width attack, side attack, area defence
Explosive effect of mines?
Blast, and shape charge
What mine restriction are there?
UNWC amended protcol 2, Ottawa convention 1997, UK landmines act 1998
What is the definition of a grenade?
A small explosive store designed for projection by hand from a personal weapon, occasionally a special discharger or launcher may be used
3 Methods of deilvery of grenade
Hand, discharge, projectile
What tyes of fuzes do grenades have?
Safe to arm, time, impact, proximity fuze, self destruct
Two types of anti personnel grenades?
Defensive, uses fragmentaition to cause effect, thrower inside lethal distance so needs cover
Offensive, blast cause effect, thrower outside lethal distance so does not need cover
3 types of fragmentation in defensive grenades?
Natural, controlled, preformed frag
What types of safety is in a defensive grenades?
Normally pin and grip, and a 3-5 second delay
What are conponent parts of a defensive grenade?
Striker, fly off leavel, fuze, base plug, main filling, body, filling plug
What does a offensive anti personnel grendades rely on?
blast due to thin metal body and removeable frag jacket
What safety does offensive anti personnel grenades use?
Pin and some sort of grip safety time delay or impact
The L109 uses a safety pin and clip
yes well done
What methods of attack does anti grenades use?
Blast, HEAT, HESH
What fills does smoke screening grenades uses?
White Phos, Red Phos, cinnaminic acid
What does smoke signalling grenades contain?
Dyes to colour grenades
What does the current design of anti riot grenades uses?
The current designs utilises a rubber body containing a large number of primed CS pelets that on initation create gas pressure bursting the body and speading the pellet to deter the rioters throwing them back
What are stun grenades use?
Distraction stun grenades
Are illumination grenades real?
yes and they are rare
What do grenade discahrges do?
Vehcile mounted provided localised screening
What are Projected grenades catagorised as?
Rifle grenades and gun launched grenades
What are the types of rifle grenades?
Ballisitite catriagde, bullet through, bullet catch
What sort of recoil does a UGL use?
High low pressure chambers
What is the definition of small arms?
Ammuntion for weapons such as pistols rifles and machine guns below 20mm in calibre
What is the weapon calibre?
The diameter of the barrel of the weapon measured between opposing lands.
What is the designation made up of in order?
Calibre, Caselength, descriptor/ type of round, mark or model number ( 9mm x19mm Ball Mk 2Z)
Part of the round?
Propellant, ignition system, cartridge case, bullet
Function of a cartridge case?
House the ignition system, contain propellant, rearward obtrusion, secure bullet, heat sink
Cartridge case terminology?
Head (the base), Rim (the end of the case), extractor groove, should (where it gets smaller), neck (part which hold bullet), mouth
What types of head profiles?
Rimmed, rimless, semi rimless, belted rimless, rim fire, rebated
What is the rim for?
The rim is present for the extraction purposes
What is the diffference between rimfire and centre fire?
The rimfire is fired from the rim where as centre fired is struck in the middle
What are some ignition types?
Burder, boxer, and rimfire
berdan and boxer are centre fire ignitiations
What makes up a initional caps?
integral anvil ( berdan) Spearate anvil (boxer), and flash holes 2 in berdan 1 in boxer
What is in cap initation compostions?
Lead styphanate
What are cap to cartridge securing methods?
Ringing, burring, punch stabbing, press fit
What is the purpose of the joint between the cartridge and bullet?
Shot start pressure, keep weather out, withstand rough handing,
What are the types of cartridge case join?
Press fit, canneluring, stabbling, indenting, coning, crimping
What is the propellant compostions?
Single base - 98% netro cellulose
Double base 90% NC 8% nitro glycerine
2% additives carbamite, and graphite
What does ball mean in shot?
Solid round
Whats the make up of a bullet?
Envelope, upper core, lower core, ( tracer has dark igition priming compostion and tracer compositon and cup)
What core does a AP bullet have?
Tungsten core and is ballisticly matched with black tip
SLAP rounds are?
sabot rounds in small arms
Whats the make up of the multi purpose round?
Incendary, armour pericing component high explosive charge,
two types of recoiless rifles?
Counter mass, counter blast
(projectile weight x range)/ gun weight =??
Gun efficiency, the higher the number the better efficiency
What is a venturi design?
A thinning in the throat to increase the pressure build up in the tube of a recoiless system
Recoiless principles
Rocket design all burnt on launch for shoulder fired weapons it is important that theh rocket mortor is abol or after inital ejection a second stage mortor must ignite at a safe distance from the firer
What is target effect?
What happens at the target, ie HE smoke
What is the family tree of projectiles
Shot -
Prafctice
AP APC aPCBC APDS APFSDS
Shell -
HE HEAT HESH APHE
smole illum chem, bio, nuclear, bomblets
minlets ecm propaganda flechette
What is shot?
A soldi projectile fired form ordance this may include discarding sabot
What is shell
a hollow projectile filled with HE or other material fired from ordance other than muzzle loading
Carrier sheel
shell used to carry payload to a target, shell is redundant after it has dispensed it payload
Projectile terminology
Nature, type, calibre
What forces are on a projectile?
Gas pressure, centrifugal force, set back, driving band pressure, side slap, hoop stress, explanding wall
What projectile terminnonlgy?
Ogive the curved bit, the head is the top, bourreleet, wall, shouder, body, base, base plate
projectile materials
Fragmentation - steel
Carrier -alloys
Drill - wood
Shot - tungsten DU
What types of drag are there?
Nose drag, base drag, skin friction
Whats the difference between tangest ogive and secant ogive?
One is a more round head (HESH) one is more straight ( long head that gets smaller)
What does boat tailing do?
Reduces base drag
high shell capacity good
low shell capacity bad
What do driving bands do?
Functions spin seal secure centre
driving band attachment
Pressing, knurled, wavey rib
What do you want the driving band to do?
Exert no excessove pressure on projectile or gun
allow for changes caused by barrel wear but not cause excessive bore wear
prevent projectile slip back
remain fixed to projectile but not degrade external ballistics
or discard cleanly at the muzzel
Different types of driving bands?
orthodox type, modern high performance, double band, gas check type
What are the good and bad of driving cooper driving bands?
good ductility, high heat conductivity
bore deposite, exppsnsive
What is base bleed?
pyro charge which increases prssure at the base by expelling gas which reduces drag
What are the three componts of a free flight rocket?
Motor - Casing, propellant and igniter, nozzle
Warhead including fuzing
