Amino Acida & Protein II

Question 1

is the reference method of determination

Answer 1

kjeldahl technique

Question 2

not routinely used because it is TEDIOUS

Answer 2

kjedahl

Question 3

in kjeldahl, the serum used should be pre treated with ___ to produce a____

Answer 3

tungstic acid, proteins free filtrate

Question 4

colorimetric, is the most widely used, in fact it is also recommended by the IFCC panel

Answer 4

biuret method

Question 5

principle of biuret method

Answer 5

formation of colored chelate between cupric ions and peptide bonds which forms a color violet

Question 6

in biuret method there is a formation of colored chelate between ____ and ___ which forms a color violet

Answer 6

cupric ions and peptide bonds

Question 7

the change of color in biuret method can be measured by the

Answer 7

spectrophotometer under 545 nm

Question 8

also called lowry method, main reagent is a phenol reagent

Answer 8

folin ciocalteu method

Question 9

principle of folin ciocalteu method

Answer 9

there is an oxidation of phenolic compound that will give a deep blue color

Question 10

the absorbance of protein

Answer 10

UV absorption

Question 11

UV absorption is the absorbance of protein at ____ due to the absorbance of the peptide bond’s _____

Answer 11

210-280 nm, specific wavelengths

Question 12

there is a migration of charged particles in the electronic field

Answer 12

serum protein electrophoresis (SPE)

Question 13

in SPE proteins will migrate from ____ to ____

Answer 13

negative to positive

Question 14

in their migration ____ is the fastest

Answer 14

albumin

Question 15

reference value for albumin

Answer 15

53-65%

Question 16

second fastest to migrate

Answer 16

alpha 1 (2.5-5)

Question 17

third fastest to migrate

Answer 17

alpha-2 (7-13%)

Question 18

fourth fastest to migrate

Answer 18

beta (8-14% )

Question 19

slowest to migrate

Answer 19

gamma (12-22%)

Question 20

based on the refractive based on the proteins

Answer 20

refractometry

Question 21

uses chemicals, SSA, determination of protein in the urine which uses acid which causes protein to coagulate, it also scatters light or blocks the light

Answer 21

turbidimetric and nephelometric methods

Question 22

uses sodium sulfate salt

Answer 22

salt fractionation

Question 23

salt fractionation will cause the ___ to be separated from the ___ (salting out)

Answer 23

globulin, albumin

Question 24

most abundant protein in the blood

Answer 24

albumin

Question 25

album is ____ to the severity of the liver disease

Answer 25

inversely proportional

Question 26

albumin levels will decline if there are severe hepatocellular disease more than ____

Answer 26

3 weeks

Question 27

functions of albumin

Answer 27

antioxidant, major buffer, transport

Question 28

clinical adult range of albumin

Answer 28

3.5-5.0 g/dL

Question 29

considered value for hypoalbuminemia

Answer 29

<3.5

Question 30

value considered as hyperalbuminemia

Answer 30

>5.0

Question 31

- wherein nglobulins are precipitated in high salt concentration; albumin in supernatant is quantitated by biuret reaction - labor intensive

Answer 31

salt precipitation

Question 32

- nonspecific for albumin - albumin binds to dye; caused shift in absorption maximum

Answer 32

methyl orange

Question 33

- albumin binds to dye; causes shift in absorption - many interferences

Answer 33

HABA (2,4- hydroxyazobenzene benzoic acid)

Question 34

interferences of HABA

Answer 34

salicylates, bilirubin

Question 35

- sensitive; overestimates low albumin levels; - most commonly used dye

Answer 35

BCG (bromescol green)

Question 36

- specific, sensitive , precise - best

Answer 36

BCP (bromescol purple)

Question 37

- accurate; gives overview of relative changes in different protein fractions

Answer 37

electrophoresis

Question 38

proteins separated based on electric charge

Answer 38

electrophoresis

Question 39

carrier of some hormones, lipids, metals, and antibodies

Answer 39

globulins

Question 40

high globulin levels may be seen in

Answer 40

chronic infections, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myelomas and lupus

Question 41

lower globulin levels may be seen in

Answer 41

immunocompromised patients, poor dietary habits, malabsorption, liver and kidney disease

Question 42

clinical adult range of globulins

Answer 42

2.0-4.0 g/dL

Question 43

common causes of globulin increase

Answer 43

hypochlorydia (stomach doesnt produce acid anymore) liver disease (infection)

Question 44

common causes of globulin decrease

Answer 44

anemia, hemorrhage

Question 45

an important indicator of disease states

Answer 45

albumin/globulin ratio

Question 46

inverted albumin/globulin ratio is seen in

Answer 46

cirrhosis, multiple myeloma, waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

Question 47

albumin/globulin ratio clinical adult range

Answer 47

1.3 - 3.1

Question 48

low albumin ratio suggests

Answer 48

ulcerative colitis, burns, and kidney disease

Question 49

if ratio is ___ it could be a sign of disease to the liver, kidney, or the intestines, low thyroid activity, or leukemia

Answer 49

>3

Question 50

how to calculate for G (globulin)

Answer 50

TP-ALB

Question 51

Ratio

Answer 51

ALB/G