Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Exam > American Political Ideologies and Beliefs - Chapters 4,7,16,17, Unit 4 > Flashcards

American Political Ideologies and Beliefs - Chapters 4,7,16,17, Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

CHAPTER 4: DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS -cards (1-26)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amercian exceptionalism

A

view that many factors make the US different from the rest of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

manifest destiny

A

refers ti a notion from the nineteenth century that the US was destined to rule the north American continent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

urban

A

-big cities or towns
Main demographic groups:(?)
-low income/lower class
-democrats
-african americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

suburban

A

-right outside of a big town or city
Main demographic groups:(?)
- middle class
-republicans
-white people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

rural

A

-farms and stuff
(equal split with demographic groups)(?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The sun belt

A

the region in the south and southwest
-has seen population growth
-mainly retired old people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The bible belt

A

the south and states bordering the south
-have large numbers of committed protestants who see a public role in religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The rust belt

A

region in the midwest
-once known for its industrial output
-factories have closed and there are high rates of unemployment there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

race

A

grouping of people by characteristics determined by genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ethnicity

A

grouping of people based on national origin, religion, language and race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fundamentalist

A

conservative Christians that have become more active in recent decades (especially 2000 and 2004 elections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gender gap

A

the difference between political opinions and behaviors of men and women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gross domestic production (GDP)

A

the total output of all economic activity in the nation, including goods and services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

socioeconomic status (SES)

A

a division of population based on occupation, income and education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Demographic Groups Ideologies/ Party Affiliation:
1) Religion

A

believe in god more: lean conservative
less religious: lean moderate/ liberal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Demographic Groups Ideologies/ Party Affiliation:
2) Race/ Ethnicity

A

African Americans: more democratic
Hispanics: more democratic (but its declining)
White: more republican
Asian: more democratic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Demographic Groups Ideologies/ Party Affiliation:
3)Education

A

Higher Education (all): more democratic (and continuing to become more democratic)
Higher Education (whites): more republican
-the more education, the more liberal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Demographic Groups Ideologies/ Party Affiliation:
4) Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

as income rises, so does the likeness they are republican

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Demographic Groups Ideologies/ Party Affiliation:
5) Gender

A

women: more democratic
men: more republican

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Demographic Groups Ideologies/ Party Affiliation:
6) Age

A

younger: liberal
older: conservative
-but the older you are the more likely you are to participate in politics (old peoples votes matter a lot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

liberals

A

-democrats
-more gov impact in economy (more social programs/ benefits)
-less gov impact in individual rights/ social regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

conservatives

A

-republicans
-more gov impact in individual rights/ social regulations to establish their “perfect society” based on their morals
-less gov impact in economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

libertarian

A

less government in both economic and social issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pure liberal

A

-more gov in economic issues
-less gov in social issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

populist

A

more gov in both economic and social issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pure conservative

A

-more gov in social issues
-less gov in economic issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CHAPTER 7: PUBLIC POLICY, IDEOLOGY, PARTICIPATION & VOTING - cards (28-67)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

political socialization

A

the process by which people develop political attitudes, values and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

political attitude

A

-forms early in your life, mainly through the influence of family, school, the media, social groups, etc.
(but the main one is family)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

selective perception

A

choosing how you want to interpret something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

selective attention/ exposure

A

only looking at what you want to see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

attentive public

A

people who follow politics very closely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

citizens can effect public policy by..
(6)

A

-voting
-joining interest groups/ political parties
-working on campaigns
-writing letters
-protest
-lobbying
-etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

deliberation

A

the idea of people coming together, listening to each other, exchanging ideas, learning to appreciate each others differences and defending their own opinions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

social capital

A

the value of social contracts, associations, and networks individuals form which can foster trust, coordination and cooperation (?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

public opinion

A

the opinion of the public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

random sample

A

a type of sample in which every individual had a random chance of being selected
-is necessary for a good/ trustworthy poll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

margin of error

A

a range in which the poll/ sample is accurately representing the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

universe(or population)

A

the group of people whose preferences we try to measure by taking a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

intensity

A

a measure of how strongly an indevedual holds a particular opinion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

latency

A

the political opinions that are held but not yet expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

manifest opinion

A

a widely shared and consciously held view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

salience

A

an individual belief that an issue is important/ relavent to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Characteristics of a good poll (6)

A
  • does have a margin of error
  • lists sample size (n)
    -is a random sample
    -confidence interval is >90%
    -date
    -not complicated wording
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

political ideology

A

a set of ideas or beliefs about political values and the role of government, including how it should work and how it actually works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Most important ideologies in American politics

A

-liberalism
-conservatism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

social conservatives

A

focus less on economics and more on morality and lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Critics of liberals

A

-favors gov solutions to problems
-limit the capacity of the market to function well
-creates large and unmanageable bureaucracies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Critics of conservatives

A

-some problems require gov to become a part of the solution
-too much faith in the marker to solve problems isn’t right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

socialism

A

political philosophy and movement encompassing a wide range of economic and social systems, which are characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

communism

A

-the state owns property in common for all people
- a single political party that represents the working class and controls the gov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Why people are more likley to vote.. (3)

A

-perceive a significant ideological difference in the candidates
-have a sense of political efficacy
- want to participate in democracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

political efficacy

A

when you believe that your vote will make a difference/ your vote counts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Why people are less likely to vote.. (4)

A

-MAIN ONE: they are busy/ schedule conflicts
-they belive there vote does not make a difference (no political efficacy)
-registration is difficult (even though it was made easier by the Motor Voter Act)
-little ideological difference between the two candidates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

voter registration

A

system designed to reduce voter fraud by only limiting voting to those that have established eligibility to vote by submitting proper documental proof of residency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Types of Elections:
primaries

A

voters determine the party nominees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Types of Elections:
general

A

voters elect office holders

-and elections on specific policy issues which take place at the local level through a referendum and initiative petition (unit 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Types of Elections:
presidential elections

A

every 4 years, elects the president

60
Q

Types of Elections:
midterms

A

elections between presidential elections
-elects people for congress

61
Q

Who is most likely to vote? (5)

A

-people with a higher education
- older people
-women
-people who are married
-union members

62
Q

party identification

A

an informal and subjective affiliation with a political party
-most important factor in guessing how people will vote

63
Q

candidate appeal

A

how voters feel about a candidate’s background, personality, leadership ability, etc.

64
Q

prospective issue voting

A

voting based on what a candidate pledges to do i the future about an issue if elected

65
Q

retrospective issue voting

A

voting based on what a candidate has already done in the past about an issue
-mainly for incumbents

66
Q

social cleavage

A

a concept in political science diving groups of voters into blocks
-political groups and factions

67
Q

Coinciding (or Reinforcing) Cleavages

A

when divisions are aligned in a way where groups go against each other
-reduced the chances of compromise
-similar groups/ people

68
Q

Cross-cutting Cleavages

A

when the divisions in society are divided into many different blocks
-conflicts on some issues, cooperate on others
-promotes pluralism
-different groups/ people

69
Q

CHAPTER 16: ECONOMIC POLICY - cards (69-139)

A
70
Q

How to check/ measure economic health

A

rates of inflation (CPI), unemployment, and gross domestic product (GDP)

71
Q

Consumer Price Income (CPI)

A

how to measure inflation

72
Q

Explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment rates

A

they move together in opposite directions
- as inflation rises, unemployment drops
-as unemployment rises, inflation falls

73
Q

inflation

A

a rise in general price level (decrease in the value of the dollar)

74
Q

unemployment

A

number of Americans who are not working but looking for a job
-generally doesn’t included those who aren’t looking for a job

75
Q

stagflation

A

a combination of stagnation: economic slowdown and inflation: rise in prices

76
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

the value of all goods and services produced by an economy during a specific period of time
-measures “stuff”

GDP goes up— good (growing economy)
GDP goes down — bad (recession)

77
Q

debt

A

how much you owe (total)

78
Q

deficit

A

spend more than you had in (in one year?)

79
Q

surplus

A

have money left over

80
Q

budget deficit

A

when the government raises less revenue then it spends

81
Q

Fiscal Policy

A

governments use of expenditures and budget to control the economy
-taxes and spending

82
Q

Who makes it (fiscal policy)

A

congress and the president

83
Q

when is the fiscal policy used?

A

to grow or slow down the economy

84
Q

How is the fiscal policy used?

A

by increasing or decreasing taxes

85
Q

Tools to help the economy grow (during a recession): Fiscal policy

A
  • increase government spending
    -decrease taxes
    want to give people more money to spend during a recession
86
Q

Tools to help slow the economy ( during inflation): Fiscal Policy

A
  • decrease government spending
    -increase taxes
    want to five people less money to spend during inflation
87
Q

excise tax

A

a consumer tax on a specific item

88
Q

tariff

A

tax on imported goods

89
Q

national debt

A

the total amount of money the government has borrowed (the total debt)

90
Q

Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

A

the presidential staff agency that serves as a clearing house for budgetary requests and management improvements doe gov agencies

91
Q

Congressional Budget Office (OBO)

A

an agency of congress that analyzes presidential budget recommendations and estimates the costs

92
Q

tax expenditure

A

a loss of revenue due to federal law from tax exclusions, exemptions, deductions, credits, deferrals, and preferential tax rates…
that provides benifits to individuals or businesses

93
Q

sales tax

A

a general tax on sales transactions

94
Q

value-added tax (VAT)

A

a tax on the increased value of the product at each stage of production and distribution, rather than just at the point of sale

95
Q

what happens when interest rates go up?

A

people stop buying
- ex. houses cars, anything you would take a loan on

96
Q

revenue

A

moeny coming in

97
Q

expenditure

A

money going out

98
Q

flat tax

A

everyone pays the same percent of their income
-this would cause the rich to have to pay more

99
Q

progressive tax

A

as you make more money, you pay a higher price
-rich still pay more

100
Q

regressive tax

A

when everyone pays the same amount of tax (not a percent, so different than flat tax)
-ex, 5 cents bag tax
- this would cause the rich to pay more because spending 5 cents causes a bigger impact on poorer people than on richer

101
Q

entitlements

A

legal benefit you have the right to if you meet the legal requirement(s)
-ex. social security

102
Q

mandatory spending

A

any spending the gov must do by law
-ex. entitlements, interest, debts

103
Q

desgresionary spending

A

spending gov can change year to year

104
Q

Monetary Policy

A

How the FED controls the money supply to promote growth or slow the economy down
-interest rates

105
Q

Who makes it? (monetary policy)

A

The FED (Federal Reserve System)

106
Q

The Federal Reserve System (FED)

A

a group trying to control money n the economy
-the central bank of the US
-created in 1913 to establish banking, regulate currency in circulation and regulate the amount of credit available
-consists of 12 regional banks

107
Q

Reasons the FED controls the back and not congress.. (3)

A

-they make decisions faster
-Congress does not get the blame for bad economy/ doesn’t effect their chances of reelection
-can make decisions that are for the best, not based on getting re-elects (non-partisan)

108
Q

How is the monetary policy used?

A

by controlling interest rates

109
Q

what is the goal of the monetary policy?

A

let the economy grow but keep it stable, less inflation

110
Q

Tools to help the economy grow (during a recession): Monetary policy

A

interests rates go down

111
Q

Tools to help slow the economy (during inflation): Monetary policy

A

interests rates go up

112
Q

federal funds rates

A

the amount of interest banks charge for loans to each other

113
Q

Economic theories:
Laissez- faire economics

A

opposed gov interfering in economics affairs beyond whats necessary

114
Q

Economic theories:
keynesian economics

A

increase gov spending during economic slumps
decrease gov spending during economic highs

115
Q

The business cycle (keynesian theory):
Expansion

A

economic growth is steady, measured by GDP.
Steady long-term increase in GDP,
falling unemployment rates, business prosperity
(page 83 for chart)

116
Q

The business cycle (keynesian theory):
Peak

A

GDP stops rising
economy reaches its peak
height of economic expansion

117
Q

The business cycle (keynesian theory?):
Contraction (recession)

A

economy declines
GDP falling
unemployment rising

118
Q

The business cycle (keynesian theory?):
Trough

A

economy “bottoms out” and has reached its lowest point
GDP stops falling
(CYCLE REPEATS, going back to expansion stage, peak, recession, trough, etc.)

119
Q

What happens when money is added to the economy? (to stop a recession leads to inflation)

A

-inflation keeps going up
-interest rates go down, borrowing goes up, people spend more, prices up, inflation

120
Q

Pros (2) and Cons (1) to adding money to the economy

A

PRO: GDP rises, unemployment goes down
CON: inflation goes up

121
Q

What happens when there is less money in the economy? (to stop inflation, leads to a recession)

A

-interest rates go up, borrowing goes down, spending goes down, inflation slows down/ stops

122
Q

Pros (1) and Cons (2) of having less money in the economy

A

PRO: inflation goes down
CON: GDP goes down, unemployment goes up

123
Q

protectionism

A

a policy of getting rid of trade barriers to protect domestic industry

124
Q

trade deficit

A

an imbalance in the international trace in which value of imports exceeds the value of exports

125
Q

The General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)

A

international trade organization that seeks to encourage free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions

126
Q

The World Trade Organization (WTO)

A

an international organization deprived from the GATT that promotes free trade around the world

127
Q

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

A

an agreement signed by the US, Canada and Mexico in 1992 to form the largest free trade zone in the world

128
Q

Why did the gov think economic regulation was needed? (3)

A

(to restrain certain abuses and promote competition)

-to prevent monopolies
-to reduce environmental pollution
-to protect workers

129
Q

Monopoly

A

the domination of an industry by a single company
-(also a name for a company that dominates an industry)

130
Q

Anti trust legistlation

A

federal laws that try to prevent a monopoly from dominating an industry and preventing trade

131
Q

trust

A

a monopoly that controls goods and services, often in ways that prevent competition

132
Q

closed shop

A

a company with a labor agreement in which union membership IS a condition for employment

133
Q

union shop

A

a company where new employes must join a union with in a stated time preiod

134
Q

labor injunction

A

a court order forbidding specific indeveduals/ groups from doing certain things that the court considers harmful to the rights or property of an employer or community

135
Q

collective bargaining

A

a method where reps or the union and employer determine wages, hours and other employment conditions through negotiation

136
Q

Environmental Impact Statement

A

a statement required by federal law from all agencies for any project using federal funds to asses the potential threat it could have on the environment

137
Q

Corporate social responsibility

A

efforts by corporations to improve their reputations by paying attention to their contributed to the social good

138
Q

The Deregulation Movement

A

(research more) something about deregulation

139
Q

Deregulation

A

the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a particular industry/ areas of economic activity

140
Q

CHAPTER 17: SOCIAL POLICY - cards (141-

A
141
Q

means-tested entitlements

A

programs under which applicants meet requirements based on needs
-ex. Medicaid, welfare

142
Q

The two goals of social policy

A

1) provide a social safety net for Americans
2) raise the quality of life for all Americans

143
Q

Two types of social policy:
1) Public assistance

A

aid to the poor
-usually an entitlement
includes…
-direct payments to the poor, unemployed and disabled
-food stamps
-job training
-free school lunches
-etc.

144
Q

Two types of social policy:
2) Social insurance

A

programs where eligibility is based on prior contributions, usually in the form of payroll or taxes
-usually means-tested
ex. social security, retirement age

145
Q

social safety net

A

includes many programs that the federal gov provides to protect Americans against economic and social misfortune

146
Q

How did the New Deal expand social policy?

A

created social insurance programs like job training for the unemployed, social security, etc.

147
Q

How did The Great Society expand social policy?

A

produced help for homeless, more job training and medicare

AP Exam (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions