AME T101 Theory of Flight - Fixed Wing (Part 2) Flashcards
Charts made for the Wing Design of the Aircraft are what?
Airfoil Profiles.
What does C.P. stand for in regards to Airfoil Profiles?
Center of Pressure.
What does C.D. stand for in regards to Airfoil Profiles?
Coefficient of Drag.
What does C.L. stand for in regards to Airfoil Profiles?
Coefficient of Lift.
What does L/D stand for in regards to Airfoil Profiles?
Lift / Drag Ratio.
The ______ the Lift / Drag Ratio the better.
a. Higher
b. Lower
a. Higher
A smaller Center of Pressure does what for an Airfoil?
It stabilizes the Airfoil.
A Higher Aspect Ratio results in more what?
Efficiency
How do you calculate the Aspect Ratio?
Calculation:
Span divided by Average Chord.
What are the two types of drag?
Parasitic and Induced.
Define Parasitic Drag.
Is the result of forcing an object through the air.
What does Parasitic Drag consist of?
Form Drag
Interference Drag
Skin Friction Drag
Define Form Drag.
Is related to both the Size and Shape of the structure.
What is the cause of Skin Friction?
It is caused by the roughness of the Aircraft’s Surface.
How is Skin Friction reduced?
Keeping a Clean Aircraft.
A Smooth Coat of Paint.
Flush Seams and Rivets.
Composite Construction.
How does Interference Drag occur?
Occurs when varied currents of air meet and interact.
How is Interference Drag reduced?
By the use of Fairings and Gap Seals.
Define Induced Drag.
When lift is created, drag is then generated or induced.
What is Induced Drag composed of?
Wingtip Vortices.
Trailing Edge Vortices.
What causes Wingtip Vortices?
Pressure on top of the wing is lower and the pressure below is higher. Higher Pressures attempt to fill in the Lower Pressure.
What are four methods to prevent Wingtip Vortices from forming?
Fences, Winglets, Tip Tanks, and Droop Tips.
How do Fences prevent Wingtip Vortices?
By stopping higher pressure air on the bottom surface from rolling up to the upper surface.
Tip tanks primary focus is to carry fuel…
What is their secondary purpose?
To prevent Vortices.
Describe the function of Droop Tips.
Droop Tips are when wing tips effectively angle downward to prevent Wing Vortices.
What are the three axis of Flight?
Roll
Pitch
Yaw
What are the three control surfaces that allow Roll?
Ailerons
Flight Spoilers
Elevons
What are the four control surfaces that allow for Pitch?
Elevators
Stabilators
Elevons
Ruddervators
What are the two control surfaces that allow for Yaw?
Rudder and Ruddervators
To cause an aircraft to move to the left:
The left aileron will move up while the right would move ______.
a. Up
b. Down
b. Down
To cause an aircraft to move to the right:
The right aileron will go up while the left aileron will move ______.
a. Down
b. Up
a. Down
Define Adverse Yaw.
During the course of a roll more drag is induced.
This increased induced drag results in the plane wanting to either yaw right or left.
How would Adverse Yaw be overcome?
Differential Frise Ailerons are utilized.
What is the advantage of using an Aileron Rudder Inter-Connect?
When turning at certain airspeeds, these inter-connected controls automatically add rudder.
When pitching an Aircraft down, the elevator would move ______.
a. Up
b. Down
b. Down
To pitch an Aircraft up, the elevator would move _____.
a. Down
b. Up
b. Up
How is the elevator controlled?
With the use of a downspring.
What is the Downspring connected to?
The Horizontal Stabilizer.
The primary job of a downspring is to alow control of the elevator.
What is the secondary and in some ways more important job of the downspring?
If the plane is loaded tail heavy, the downspring would automatically control the elevator to keep the aircraft level.
The vertical axis is controlled by what primary control surface?
The Rudder.
To turn the aircraft right, the rudder would have to be moved ______.
a. Left
b. Right
b. Right
To turn the aircraft left, the rudder would have to be moved ______.
a. Left
b. Right
a. Left
Why are primary controls statically balanced?
To prevent fluttering of controls.
How is static balance achieved?
By using lead weights.
How is aerodynamic balancing achieved?
By having th hinge line aft of the leading edge and by extending some of the control surface ahead of the edge.
Secondary controls may also be called what two other names?
Auxiliary Systems or
Trim Systems.
What are Trim Tabs?
Trim Tabs are an adjustable linkage.
What is the purpose of balance tabs?
Balance Tabs assist the pilot in moving the primary control surfaces.
They relieve the force that the pilot must put onto the controls.
How do balance tabs operate?
Balance Tabs work by having the control linkage attached only to the balance tab.
Force put onto the balance tab helps to move the control surface without the need for a lot of effort.
What is the purpose of an Anti-Servo Tab?
These tabs provide feedback for the pilot.
Why is it necessary to provide feedback to the pilot from the control surfaces?
To give the pilot an indication that the control surfaces have full travel.
What is the purpose of Servo Tabs?
Servo Tabs assist the pilot in moving the primary control surfaces.
They accomplish this with the use of hydraulics.
If a hydraulic failure would occur, how would a Servo Tab operate?
Manual input would move the Tab which would move the primary control surface.
What is the purpose of Spring Tabs?
On manual control systems, the pilot would never be able to overcome the forces.
The force of a Spring Tab can be overcome and exerts the appropriate force to move the control surface.
What does it mean for an aircraft to be “Down and Dirty?”
This is when landing gear or another part of teh aircraft are out in the wind when they shouldn’t be.
Name three different loads acting on an aircraft.
G-Forces Changing loads due to turbulence Pressurization Forces Engine Loads (Thrust vs Drag; Torque) Landing Forces
Define aircraft skidding.
The aircraft yaws when turning.
How is aircraft skidding prevented?
Through the use of the Rudder.
What is the calculation for wing loading?
Divide:
Aircraft total Gross Weight
_______BY________
Total Wing Area
What is Newton’s Third Law?
For every action, there is and equal and opposite reaction.
Turning Tendencies for Torque:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
What is the aircraft’s action and what is reaction?
The Action: Turning Force of the aircraft’s propeller.
The Reaction: The resulting torque.
In Canada, which way do propeller’s spin?
Clockwise.
What is used to counteract the resulting torque from a propeller?
An Angle of Incidence is used.
What is an Angle of Incidence?
This is an offset to the wings that would make them appear lopsided.
What is the purpose of an Angle of Incidence?
To counteract the resulting torque from the propeller’s spinning.
What does the tail do differently when an angle of incidence is put into the wings?
The tail of plane lifts first when taking off.
Define the effects of Gyroscopic Procession.
A force is put onto a surface and the effect is felt ninety degrees form where is was inflicted.
Example: A wheel spinning on a piece of rope.
Define Propeller Factor
P-Factor
This is when the plane pitches nose up and the descending blades have more lift.
Describe the phenomenon that is Spiraling Slipstream.
The air moving over the surface of the plane spirals.
When Spiraling Slipstream occurs, where does the spiral originate?
From the Propeller’s Blades.
How is Spiraling Slipstream Compensated for?
By installing the vertical stabilizer on an offset angle to the longitudinal axis.
How is aircraft stability defined?
An aircraft in flight naturally returns to a condition of equilibrium after being disturbed.
Define Static Stability.
The initial tendency an aircraft displays after being disturbed.