AMBOSS (3 blocks) Flashcards
ISP lateral deviation of tongue a sign of lesion to the
Hypoglossal nerve
Decrease secretion from the ipsilateral sublingual gland is a lesion the ______ of the facial nerve
Chorda tympani
Isplateral vocal cord palsy could occur in a lesion to the
Recurrent laryngeal nerve which is a branch off the vagus
Contra lateral deviation of the uvula from what nerve
Glossypharyngeal
Tenofovir used to treat
HBV and HIV
Glimepiride a sulfayura drug stimulates
Insulin from pancreatic beta cells
Glimepiride targets
ATP potassium Channels
Acarbose inhibits intestinal brush border alpha glucosidase resulting in
Decreased intestinal glucose absorption
Proliferation of neoplastic cells with cerebirform nuclei is hallmark of
Mycosis fungoides. A chronic cutaneous non Hodgkin lymphoma
Cancer T cells form in epidermis and create pautrer microabcesses
Scaly purification demarcated skin plaques
Glass factory worker with Well defined calcification of the rims of hilar lymph nodes
Scattered nodules in both lung fields
Silicosis
Patients with silicosis are at increased risk of
Pulmonary TB
Cori disease is a glycogen storage disorder with a defeciency in
Glycogen debrancher
Symptoms of cori disease
Hypotonia, muscle wasting, mild hypoglycemia and ketosis
Infant with failure to thru e, heptomegaly too
Synovial biopsy of RA
Proliferation of granulation tissue
Synovial fluid with calcium pyrophosphate crystals seen in
Pseudo gout and OA
Atropine can be found in wild berries and can cause
Anticholinergjc toxicity
Delirium, hyperthermia, mydrasiss, decreased intestinal activity, and dry skin.
Symptoms of anklosing spondylitis
Pain and stiffness in neck and lower back
Improved with exercise. More common in males
Ankylosising spondylitis Hla __
B27
Nucleated cells present antigen to cd8 T cell using Mhc class 1 which consist of an alpha chain and
B2 microglobulin
CHF results in organ hypoperfusion causes vasoconstriction of
Afferent and more efferent arteriole due to reduced Renal blood flow and activity now of RAAS
Drug for pin worms, the butt itching kind
Mebendazole
Enzyme in lipid metabolism that us found in liver but not adipose tissue
Glycerol kinase
Independent repeated measures assess a tests
Precision
Triad of vertigo, tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss and Weber test showing laterization to unaffected side in
Meineres disease
Underlying mechanism of meineres disease
Endolymohatic hydrops
Albuterol is a ___ agonist
Beta 2
Severe dehydration shown in urine will be
Low urine sodium and hyaline cast
Neoplastic small cell produce acth which is not suppressed by high cortisol and is restiistant to
High dose dex suppression test
Imbalance of fluid secretion and resorption by tunica vaginalis found in
Hydrocele
Painless scrotal mass that transilluminatebs and does not reduce in a supine position
Takayasu arteritis has
Granulomatous inflammation
Cystic medial generation found in
Marfan syndrome and Ehlers danlos and aging
Mid systolic click followed by crescendo murmur at cardiac apex
Mitral valve prolapse
Drug used to treat heart block and increase heart rate
Atropine
Atropine causes pupillary dilation in eye narrowing anterior chamber and obstructing aqueous humor which can result in
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Hypocitrate js risk factor for development of
Calcium oxolate stones
A drug that increases urinary citrate would be helpful
Elevated levels of inhibit B aid in diagnostic of
Granulosa cell tumor
______ is the site of blood flow interruption in 90% of acute mesenteric ischemia cases.
SMA
The SMA supplies the derivatives of the embryological midgut, including the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), ascending colon (right colic artery), and first two-thirds of the transverse colon (middle colic artery).
aspirin decreases ______ elimination therefor is not recommended in gout
uric acid elimination in urine
_______________An autosomal recessive form of congenital long QT syndrome. Caused by a mutation in genes KCNQ1 or KCNE1, which encode for potassium channels in the heart and inner ear. Cardiac manifestations include dizziness, syncope, torsade de pointes, and sudden cardiac death. Associated with sensorineural deafness
Jervel and Langh Nielson
__________ secrete both metalloproteinases (e.g., macrophage elastase) and phagocytose foreign materials. Elastase degraded by TIMPs.
Alveolar macrophages
degrade toxins in lower lungs
club cells
Opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine) can cause constriction of the sphincter of Oddi, thereby causing or further exacerbating symptoms of _____.
biliary colic
use with caution in patients with a history of biliary tract impairment and/or acute pancreatitis.
A relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) typically occurs because of unilateral damage to the retina and/or _______ nerve.
right and left pupils dont constrict when light is shown in left eye but do when shown in right eye
optic nerve (CN II)
Pagets disease of the bone produces bone pain and hearing impairment. High ALP is shown. And _____ in bone
increased rate of bone remolding
B ly,phocytes with a single immunoglobin variable domain allele indicate they are _____
monoclonal
Manitol causes an increase in plasma osmolality, shifting water into intravasular spaces and can cause ____
pulmonary edema
although it decreased brain edema
symptoms of cushings triad
bradycardia, resp depression and hypertension
Cushings triad, cranial 6 nerve palsy and brusing of upper eyelids are signs of
Increased intercrainal pressure
treat with Mannitol
_____is major risk factor for osteopenia and osteoporisis
smoking
mucin producing glandular tumor cells are characteristics of adenocarcinoma which account from 60-70% of lung cancers that can be produce by a ____
scar
lung scar carcinoma tends to be in periphery of lung
ECG finding in patient with TOF
Right axis deviation
due to right ventricle hypertrophy
___________A rare neuroendocrine tumor of δ-cell origin that is typically located in the pancreas or gastrointestinal tract and secretes somatostatin. Usually manifests with abdominal pain and weight loss in addition to the triad of diabetes mellitus/glucose intolerance, gallstones, and diarrhea/steatorrhea.
Somastostainoma
Hemoglobin C disease is caused by
replacement of glutamate by lyesine in the beta globin chain
Signs of Hemoglobin C disease
hemolytic anemia (jaundice, splenomegaly, fatigue), hemoglobin crystals and target cells
____most common lung cancer in smokers. Cause central cavitary lesion in lung. Elevated calcium via Humoral Hypercalcemia of maligency (HHM) by parathyroid hormone related protein
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cough, weight loss. older age, smoker, manifest in Proximal bronchi as a central nodule (not cavitary). What type of cancer?
Small Cell lung carcinoma
________is site of protrusion for direct inguinal herinas
US show protrustion of abdominal contents that project medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
inguinal triangle
deep inguinal ring is site of protrusion of indirect inguinal hernias and located lateral to epigastric vessels
Muscle effected in Stress incontinence is ______ and innervated by what nerves?
levator ani
S3-S4 nerve roots innervate pelvic floor muscle levator ani and external urthral spinchter
_________promotes empyting of heptobillary tree by stimulating gallbaldder contraction and relaxation of Spinchter of Oddi
CCK
____cells secrete CCK
I cells in jejunum and duodenum
___cells produce secretin, which increases bile secretion and neutralizes the acidity of chyme by increasing pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and decreasing gastric acid secretion.
S cells
___cells secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which decreases gastric acid secretion and increases insulin secretion.
duodenal K cells
___ cells are located in the stomach, small intestines, and pancreas. They produce somatostatin, which decreases gallbladder contraction, gastric acid secretion, pancreatic fluid secretion, and the release of insulin and glucagon. T
Pancreatic D cells
Patients with _________have an increased risk of developing malignant melanoma.
dysplastic nevus syndrome
Staining of the ______cells shows epitheloid cells expressing S100 protein and fine granules in the cytoplasm.
malignant melanoma cells
Pindolol is a ____agonist and will have a lower max drug effect
partial
hyaline membranes lining the alveli is characteristic of _____
NRDS
______ is a gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor that prevents complete hydrolyzation of dietary triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids. As a result, triglycerides are not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, which leads to increased fecal triglyceride excretion and weight loss. Common adverse effects include diarrhea, abdominal distention, and flatulence, as seen in this patient
Orlistat
_______stenosis leads to elevated left atrial pressure, which can trigger atrial fibrillation and cause increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). Over time, the increased PCWP leads to remodeling of the pulmonary arteries, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, an S2 split, and right ventricular hypertrophy (seen as right axis deviation).
Mitral stenosis
opening snap, dilastic murmer. A fib. What type of stenosis?
mitral
treatment drug for heriditary angioedema
Antagonist at bradykinin receptor
vertigo, nausea and nystagmus common in:
BPPV
rhinne test asses for
conductive hearing loss
_____chemo, a recombination form of interleukin-2 that stimulates the proliferation and activation of T cells, B cells, NK cells, and thymocytes. Can stimulate lymphokine-activated killer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Used to treat metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Aldesleukin
hallmark of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
marked noncomplaince of the LV wall and reduced chamber volume
Features of dilated cardiomyopathy
signigifacnlty reduced myocardial contraction
palpitation, exertional dyspnea, CHF
dilated cardiac chamber with THIN ventricular wall
Cushing disease is associated with
pathological fractures
Ehlers danlos syndrome has defect in
Collagen type 3
Patients with ______syndrome are at increased risk for osteoporosis and pathologic fractures. Almost all patients with ____ syndrome require exogenous estrogen and progesterone replacement to prevent complications of sex hormone deficiency.
Turner Syndrome
Infection with ________ can manifest in a localized (e.g., urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease) or disseminated (arthritis-dermatitis syndrome, purulent gonococcal arthritis) form. The disease is most commonly transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse. Arthritis-dermatitis syndrome typically presents with migratory, asymmetric arthritis, tenosynovitis, and vesicular, pustular, or maculopapular lesions on the trunk and extremities
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Where do most anal fissures occur?
at the posterior midline of the anal canal, distal to the pectinate line (dentate line).
________ is Inability to recognize objects by touch using texture, shape, and temperature as cues without visual input. Caused by a lesion in the contralateral ________
Tactile agnosia/Astereognosis
parietal lobe
symptoms of Community acquired pneumonia
Fever, productive cough, crackles, and an infiltrate on chest x-ray
first line treatment for community acquired pneumonia
Cefepime and levofloxacin
The combination of anemia, leukopenia, splenomegaly, and teardrop cells in a older patient with a JAK2 gene mutation indicates impaired hematopoiesis due to a condition associated with increased fibroblast activity such as
primary myelofibrosis
Pinealoma is a childhood tumor of the ________that compresses the pretectal region, resulting in vertical gaze palsy. Hydrocephalus can occur. The most common type of pinealoma in children is germinoma, which often secretes β-hCG, stimulating testosterone production and causing precocious puberty in boys.
dorsal midbrain
The _______ muscle, which originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and proximal shaft of the radius, enables flexion of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints, and proximal interphalangeal joints.
Impaired flexing of PIP joints, but DIP joints intact.
Isometric weight training can cause rupture of this muscle
flexor digitorum superficialis
signs of PKU
accumulation of phenylalanine in CNS. Can be caused by a defect of phenylalanine hydroxylase (classic PKU) or deficiency in tetrahydrobiopterin (malignant PKU).
Causes psychomotor retardation, seizures, a musty odor, and pale skin/hair (from lack of melanin production).
The combination of _______ is used to treat disseminated MAC infection, which manifests with constitutional symptoms ( collection of nonspecific symptoms such as weight loss, fever, chills, night sweats, changes in appetite,), hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.
azithromycin (or clarithromycin) and ethambutol
The outer segments of the __ band are the sites where actin and myosin filaments overlap and form cross-bridges via the myosin heads, which bind and hydrolyze ATP.
A band
Fibrates are a group of lipid-lowering agents used as second-line treatment for dyslipidemia. The mechanism of action involves the activation of PPARα, which results in a more rapid degradation of LDL and triglycerides.
Side effect?
Can cause reddish brown urine
_______ is caused by activities, like tennis and badminton, that involve repetitive wrist extension and/or repetitive forearm supination/pronation with the elbow nearly fully extended
Lateral epicondylitis
Astrocyte proliferation and neovascularization. Reactive gliosis, which is characterized by astrocyte proliferation. Seen _____ after ischemic brain injury.
1–2 weeks
bleeding between dura matter and skull in
epidural hematoma
flow velocity equals
volumetric flow rate/area of valve
