AM L4.2 Genetic links

Question 1

TLR are a family of ….. receptors.

Answer 1

pattern recognition receptors

Question 2

What happens when ligand binds to TLR?

Answer 2

recruit adaptor molecules and signal expression of immune response

Question 3

How is TB linked to ATS?

Answer 3

TB infects the arterial cell wall leading to degenerative changes

Question 4

Clinical studies link ATS with ….. infections

Answer 4

bacterial

Question 5

What happens to TLR in macrophages on exposure to LDL

Answer 5

nothing

Question 6

Where are TLR found?

Answer 6

on zee macrophages

Question 7

What happens to TLR on exposure to oxoLDL?

Answer 7

TLR1,2 and 4 are upregulated

Question 8

What activates TLR on bacteria?

Answer 8

LPS

Question 9

Why is it hard to study activation of TLR?

Answer 9

Everything always seems to be contaminated with LDL

Question 10

What endogeounous stuff is TLR activated by? (3)

Answer 10

MM-LDL
Heat-shock proteins
Fibrin extra domain

Question 11

Necrosis of cells releases …….

Answer 11

heat shock proteins

Question 12

What does MM-LDL stand for

Answer 12

minimally modified LDL ligand

Question 13

When is MMLDL produced

Answer 13

activation of inflammatory genes in macrophages

Question 14

MMLDL results in

Answer 14

endothelial secretion of IL8

Question 15

heat shock proteins occur in what tissues?

Answer 15

Nearly all tissues

Question 16

Depletion of fibronectin extracellular domain results in….

Answer 16

decreased progression of ATS

Question 17

Which heat shock protein is show to interact with TLR4

Answer 17

Hsp60 from bacteria or humans

Question 18

TLR form a complex at the membrane and signal….

Answer 18

NFKB

Question 19

NFkB activation results in turning of genes for….

Answer 19

IL6 IL1beta IL12
VCAM
MMP
COX1
MCP1 & IL8

Question 20

VCAM is important for

Answer 20

increasing WBCs

Question 21

MCP1 & IL8 are involved in

Answer 21

recruitment of immune cells

Question 22

Its thought that TLR activation results in (3)

Answer 22

Chemokine and cytokine
Activation of adaptive immunity
affects phenotype of smooth muscle cells/endothelial cells

Question 23

Polymorphism of which (3) TLR has been linked to ATS?

Answer 23

2,4,9

Question 24

Asp299Gly and THr299Lle are…

Answer 24

polymorphisms of TLR4 that result in hypersensitivity to LPS. People are LESS susceptible to ATS.

Question 25

Chemokine polymorphisms associated with ATS

Answer 25

MCP-1

Fractalkine receptor

Question 26

Cytokine polymorphism associated with ATS

Answer 26

IL-6 promotor regio
TNF-α receptor
IL-1 receptor and IL-1 receptor antagonist

Question 27

P selectin is a …… protein, expression associated with….

Answer 27

Adhesion protein

ATS

Question 28

E selectin is associated with….

Answer 28

ATS in younger patients

Question 29

Adhesion proteins are found on …. cells

Answer 29

endothelial

Question 30

Lipoprotein lipase does what….

Answer 30

digests chinomicrons and VLDLS into fatty acids

Question 31

Lipoprotein lipase polymorhpism associated with

Answer 31

early onset diabetes and ATS

Question 32

mutations in what enzyme result in high homocysteine

Answer 32

Cystathionine β-synthase

Question 33

high homocysteine can be a result in environmental factors such as

Answer 33

lack of folate or vit B 12