AM L2.2 Inflammatory signals

Question 1

Monocytes and macrophages release: (3)

Answer 1

Cytokines
ROS
Proteases

Question 2

eg of a protease released by monocytes/macrophages

Answer 2

metaolloproteinases

Question 3

eg of cytokines released by monocytes/macrophages

Answer 3

TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor)

IL-1beta

Question 4

Foam cells cause accumulation of …

Answer 4

cholesterol esters

Question 5

Apart from cholesterol what else accumulates? (3)

Answer 5

Lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils

Question 6

Many individuals develop CHD in the absence of abnormal lipoprotein profile, what is a marker for this risk?

Answer 6

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 7

CRP is a ………..

Answer 7

acute phase reactant

Question 8

CRP is produced by ….. in response to …..

Answer 8

liver

in response to inflammatory cytokines

Question 9

Homotocysteine is ….

Answer 9

an amino acid no used in protein synthesis

Question 10

Homocysteine is an intermediate in …. metabolism

Answer 10

Methionine

Question 11

…. homocysteine is a risk factor for ATS

Answer 11

Elevated

Question 12

Homocysteine increases….. adhesion to …

Answer 12

monocyte/t cell adhesion to endothelial cells

Question 13

Reaction that produces homocysteine? (and catalyst)

Answer 13

SAH hydrolysis to adenosine + homocysteine

catalysed by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

Question 14

Mutations in …. are associated with excess homocysteine?

And what does this result in?

Answer 14

CBS (cystathione-beta-sythase) - which breaks down homocysteine.
Reuslts in excess rate of premature thrombotic events (eg stroke)

Question 15

What 3 vitamins reduce serum homocysteine?

Answer 15

B6, B12, folic acid

Question 16

MMP stands for

Answer 16

Metal Metalloproteinases

Question 17

MMPs are….

Answer 17

zinc-dependent endopeptidases

Question 18

MMPs degrade…. (2)

Answer 18

components of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane

Question 19

MMPs are divided into

Answer 19

5 classes, including collagenases, gelatinases and stromeolysins.

Question 20

What catalyses

collage fibril —(a)—-> cleaved collagen —–(b)——> peptides, amino acids

Answer 20

a. collagenases

b. gelatinases