AM L2 Inflammation & ATS

Question 1

Plaques that are likely to rupture are termed

Answer 1

Unstable

Question 2

Rupture of plaques may result in (2)

Answer 2

Thrombosis or arterial occulsion

Question 3

Total/partial occlusion of the coronary artery can cause (2)

Answer 3

Angina or frank MI

Question 4

ATS is recognised as an ….. process rather than a passive process of …….. and …..

Answer 4

Inflammatory process

rather than passive process of lipid infiltration and endothelial injury

Question 5

ATS occurs via interplay between …. and …..

Answer 5

hypercholesterolemia
and
inflammatory cascades

Question 6

What initiates ATS?`

Answer 6

Endothelial dyhsfuntion/damage

Question 7

One of the first signs of endothelial dysfunction/damage…

Answer 7

Decreased production/activity of NO (nitric oxide)

Question 8

Endothelial damage causes: (4)

Answer 8

1 Decreased production/activity of NO
2 Chemokine and cytokine release
3 ROS production
4 Upregulation of endothelial adhesion receptors such as VCAM-1

Question 9

Where does LDL accumulate?

Answer 9

Subendothelially

Question 10

LDL is a complex containing

Answer 10

apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100)

Question 11

ApoB100 binds to….

Answer 11

negatively charged extra cellular matrix proteoglycans

Question 12

What causes retention of LDL particles in the subendothelial layer?

Answer 12

ApoB100 binding to negatively charged extracellular matrix proteoglcans

Question 13

What binds to negatively charged extracellular matrix proteoglycans?

Answer 13

ApoB100 in LDLs

Question 14

ApoB100 binding to negatively charged extracellular matrix proteoglcans causes…

Answer 14

retention of LDLs in the subendothelial layer

Question 15

LDLs that are retained in the subendothelial layer are suceptable to…. (2)

Answer 15

oxidative modification by ROS or enzymes

Question 16

Enzymes that might cause oxidative modicication of LDLs retained in subendothelial layer? (2)

Answer 16

myleperoxidases or lipoxygenases

secreted from inflammatory cells

Question 17

Diapedesis is

Answer 17

attachment and migration of monocytes through the endothelial layer

Question 18

Modified lipids alter the expression of…. by…..

Answer 18

adhesion receptors by endothelial cells

Question 19

Altered expression of adhesion receptors by endothelial cells promotes…… of …. cells

Answer 19

intimal immune cell infiltration

Question 20

Monocytes adhere to …. and migrate….

Answer 20

adhere to endothelial cells and migrate into the arterial wall

Question 21

Monocytes that are resident in the cell wall then…

Answer 21

differentiate into macrophages (via MCSF)

Question 22

MCSF is

Answer 22

macrophage colony stimulating factor

Question 23

MCSF causes

Answer 23

differentiation of monocytes (in the arterial wall) into macrophages

Question 24

Macrophages are present at what stages of ATS

Answer 24

all

Question 25

How are foam cells formed

Answer 25

Tissue phagocytosis engulfing lipophoteins

Question 26

'fatty streak legions' produced by ...(2)... cells?

Answer 26

T cells and monocyte-derived macrophage like foam cells

Question 27

which scavenging cells ingest LDL?

Answer 27

macrophages

Question 28

Macrophages can produce ....(3)... that amplify local inflammation and promote thrombotic complications

Answer 28

Pro-inflammatory mediators ROS TF procoagulants

Question 29

Pro-inflammatory mediators ROS TF procoagulants are produced by .... and cause (2)

Answer 29

Produced by macrophages | ...amplify local inflammation and promote thrombotic complications

Question 30

What two receptors are highly regulated in monocytes/macrophages during differentiation?

Answer 30

``` SR-A (scavenger receptor A) CD36 (class B scavengers receptor) ```

Question 31

SR-A and CD36 are highly regulated in ....cells during....

Answer 31

macrophages/monocytes during differentiation

Question 32

Scavenger receptors are found on what cells and do what?

Answer 32

found on macrophages/monocytesd duting differentiation | bind and internalise oxidised LDL, helping to form foam cells

Question 33

Atherosclerotic legions have high expression of what receptor?

Answer 33

CD36 (class B scavenger receptor)

Question 34

Accumulation of ...(3)... forms necrotic core

Answer 34

Apoptotic cells, debris and cholesterol crystals

Question 35

'shoulder regions' are heavily infiltrated by... (2)... which produce.... (2)

Answer 35

T cells and mast cells | Enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines... this contributes to adventitial inflammation of advanced plaques

Question 36

Modified LDLs form a core surrounded by cap of ....(2)...

Answer 36

smooth muscle cells and collagen rich matrix

Question 37

What are the central effector cells in ATS? (2)

Answer 37

Monocytes and macrophages