Altered States of Consciouness Flashcards
What are the functions of sleep?
Rest, Energy conservation, Memory consolidation and emotional discharge, safety, and Growth and repair
What are the effects of sleep of deprivation?
Mood changes, Decline in cognitive functions, Weight gain, Impaired immune system, and Decrease in motor skills.
What are the brain wave(s) produced during the awake state?
Alpha and Beta waves
List the stages of sleep.
Stage 1= Theta wave sleep Stage 2= Sleep spindles Stage 3= Delta wave sleep Stage 4=Delta wave sleep Stage 5= REM sleep
Which stage is the deepest stage of sleep where one is physiologically near death?
Stage 4
Which stage of sleep is where vivid dreams occur?
Stage 5=REM SLEEP
Describe the pattern of REM sleep.
Following stage 4. The brain waves of the earlier stages begin to appear. Stage 3, Stage 2, and even Stage 1. After this, the person begins to manifest Rapid Eye Movement (REM), and this marks the entrance into the final sleep stage
Fill in the blanks:
“As the night progresses, sleep tends to become _____ and ______ periods become _________.”
Lighter
REM
Longer
What is associated with Alpha waves?
Associated with a relaxed but awake state.
What is associated with Beta waves?
Associated with an alert, concentrating, and problem solving state.
REM sleep is also called what?
Paradoxical Sleep
During REM sleep which neurotransmitter(s) INCREASES in the brain?
Level of Acetylcholine
During REM sleep which neurotransmitter(s) DECREASES in the brain?
Levels of Norepinephrine & Serotonin
What is the sleep hormone?
Melatonin
What is a lucid dream?
A dream in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming.
What happens to the brain when one is dreaming VERBAL DREAMS…?
Non-REM sleep are reported as “thinking” type/ thinking about problems
What happens to the brain when one is dreaming PICTURE DREAMS…?
REM sleep characterized by visual imagery/ include a story that involves odd perceptions.
{THEORIES OF DREAM}
What is Freud’s view on dreams?
Dream = Wish Fulfillment
Manifest content and Latent content.
What is manifest content?
The remembered part of the dream.
What is latent content?
The true meaning of the dream.
{THEORIES OF DREAM}
What is the activation synthesis hypothesis?
Dreams= the brains attempt to make sense of the random firing of neurons.
{THEORIES OF DREAM}
What is cognitive theory?
Dreams = Thinking while sleeping
the dream is an expression of the manifest content
{THEORIES OF DREAM}
What is evolutionary theory?
Dreams = Protective function.
To rehearse strategies for possible real life situations
{SLEEP DISORDERS}
What is insomnia?
- Dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality with complaints of difficulty initiating sleep.
{SLEEP DISORDERS}
What is Nonrestorative sleep?
- A complaint of poor sleep quality that does not leave the individual rested upon awakening despite adequate duration.
{SLEEP DISORDERS}
What is hypersomnolence Disorder?
Excessive sleepiness despite a man sleep period lasting at least 7 hours.
{SLEEP DISORDERS}
What are the following symptoms for hypersomnolence disorder?
- recurrent periods of sleep or lapses into sleep within the same day.
- A prolonged main sleep episode of more than 9 hours per day that is nonrestorative.
- Difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening
What is hypnogogic hallucinations?
Distorted perceptions that occur just prior to falling asleep
What is hypnopompic hallucinations?
Distorted perceptions occurs just before being fully awake
What is automatic behavior?
Persons continues to function during sleep episodes but awakens with no memory of performing such activities.
(sleepwalking, talking, actions)
What is sleep apnea?
Characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakening.
What is parasomnias?
Characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep.
(occurs during stages 3 and 4)
What is REM sleep disorder?
Person acts out their dreams.
What is Sleep terror disorder?
(Night terrors) Characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified which occurs within 2-3 hours of falling asleep.
What is sleepwalking?
Typically occurs during deep sleep (stages 3 & 4)
- Has their eye open in a stare
- The person is unable to respond during the event and does not remember the event
- Most common during middle childhood (6-12) Boys>Girls
- Runs in family/ Identical twins.
What is sleep talking?
- Occurs in all stages of sleep
- Mostly about life concerns
- Not deep secrets
What is meditation mainly used for?
To relieve pain, anxiety, and stress related illnesses.
What brain waves is more associated with meditation
Alpha waves
What is Hypnotherapy?
The use of hypnosis for therapeutic purposes.
What is hypnotherapy most effective with?
Pain Management
Which age group are least hypnotizable?
Very young children
Elderly
Which age group are most hypnotizable?
Adolescence
15 % of adults
What are the 3 gateway drugs?
Alcohol, Tobacco, Marijuana
Name licit drugs
Coffee, Alcohol, tobacco, etc
Name Illicit drugs
Marijuana, cocaine, LSD, etc
What are the three main classification of drugs?
1) Depressants
2) Stimulants
3) Hallucinogens
What are the 2 main physiological characteristics of addiction?
1) Withdrawal- Symptoms that result from the sudden decrease in the level of use of an addictive drug.
2) Tolerance- Requiring of increasingly higher doses of drug in order to achieve the same effect
Substance dependence = ?
Addiction
Psychological dependence = ?
Habituation
What is substance abuse?
A mal-adaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress.
What is substance dependence?
Continued use of a substance despite efforts to cut down or stop all together.
What is the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence
Substance dependence is MORE DANGEROUS than substance abuse.
The three main classification of drugs are based on what specific type of drug?
(depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens)
Psychoactive drugs are classified according to their effect on the CNS
What does depressants do to the CNS?
- Depressants drugs reduce (slows downs) the rate of activity
- Lowers heart rate, Blood pressure, and respiratory
What does stimulants do to the CNS?
Stimulants drugs that increase the rate of activity in the CNS
- Increases Heart rate, Blood pressure, respiratory, and metabolism
Name the types of depressants drugs.
Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Narcotics Alcohol etc...
Which of the depressant drugs is not addictive?
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, and alcohol both increase/targets which neurotransmitters?
GABA
Narcotics increases/targets which neurotransmitters?
Endorphins
opiates, opioids
What is the current, legal blood alcohol level or limit in Florida?
.08
How much is the annual alcohol related deaths?
88,000
How much is the alcohol fatalities associated with driving in 2014?
9,967
Name the types of stimulants drugs.
Cocaine
Amphetamines
designer amphetamines
a) Methcathinone ("cat")
b) MDMA (Ecstacy)
Ritalin
Nicotine
caffeineName the types of hallucinogens drugs.
Marijuana PCP LSD Mesclaine (peyote) psilocybin (mexican mushroom) dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
What is binge drinking?
4 drinks for female in 2 hours
5 drinks for males in 2 hours
What is heavy drinking?
Binge drinking on 5 or more days in the past month
What is the legal drinking age?
21
Where is alcohol metabolized in the body and what rate?
Liver at the rate of 0.08
Which gender has a higher impact on consumption of alcohol?
Females; due to body mass in males.
