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Pathophysiology for PN > Altered Neuronal Transmission > Flashcards

Altered Neuronal Transmission Flashcards

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NCLEX-PN® flashcards
1
Q

It provide neurons with metabolic support and protection

A

supporting cells

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2
Q

is the fundamental unit of the nervous system; it has highly specialized functions in impulse transmission

A

The Neuron

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3
Q

The nervous system is composed of:

A

▫️CNS (brain and spinal chord)

▫️PNS (spinal and cranial nerves; somatic and autonomic [SNS and PNS] nervous system)

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4
Q

Nervous tissue of the CNS is composed of both:

A

▫️ white and gray matter

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5
Q

It provides protective and metabolic functions in the CNS:

A

▫️meningis (dura, arachnoid, pila)

▫️CSF

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6
Q

The spinal nerves are categorized based on their relationship with spinal vertebrae:

A

▫️cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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7
Q

Autonomic functions are carried out by:

A

▫️SNS and PNS

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8
Q

contributes to disability and is the basis for a variety of neurologic disorders.

A

Neuronal injury

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9
Q

the most common cause of injury to the nervous system, leading to neurologic impairment because of brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerve injury.

A

Trauma

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10
Q

It may represent primary or secondary causes of neurologic impairment

A

▫️Ischemic
▫️excitation
▫️pressure injury

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11
Q

is a group of disorders resulting from damage to upper motor neurons with symptoms appearing during the first few years of life.

A

Cerebral Palsy

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A

supporting cell that provide structural support and regulate gases and metabolites in interstitial fluid. Blood brain barrier

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13
Q

Supporting cells in __ (CNS) and ___ (PNS) Myelination

A

▫️oligodendocytes

▫️Schwann cells

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14
Q

supporting cells for phagocytosis

A

Microglia (CNS)

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15
Q

supporting cells that line ventricular system to produce, monitor, and circulate CSF

A

▫️Epebdymal (CNS)

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16
Q

supporting cells for structural support. Help to support cell body they surround it like a helmet.

A

Satellite (PNS)

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17
Q

in the spinal cord, ____ - efferent motor neurons leaving cord

A

Ventral horn

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18
Q

in the Spinal Cord, ____ - sensory neurons receiving afferent impulses goes in

A

Dorsal horn

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19
Q

What are the CNS protection?

A 
▫️cerebrovascular circulation
      🔺capillaries, circle of Willis, blood brain barrier
▫️blood-brain barrier
▫️cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      🔺cushion, provision of nutrients
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20
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Organization?

A

▫️Somatic
🔺motor and sensory impulses between the CNS and the periphery (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)
▫️Autonomic (SNS and PNS)

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21
Q

Mechanism of Neuronal Injury:

A
  1. Traumatic
  2. Ischemic
  3. Excitation
  4. Pressure
22
Q

Damage to neurons results from the following processes:

A

▫️chromatolysis
▫️atrophy
▫️neuronophagia
▫️intraneuronal inclusions

23
Q

is a type of neuron injury: neuronal swelling causing NT death

A

Chromatolysis

24
Q

a type of neuron injury: decrease in size (could be from dehydration or lack of O2 where shrinking occurs to reduce workload)

A

▫️atrophy

25
Q

a type of neuron injury: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses caused by a dead neuron damaging neighboring cells ➡️ use of microglial cells

A

▫️neuronophagia

26
Q

type of injury to neuron: distinct structures formed within nucleus or cytoplasm ex. lead, proteins

A

▫️intraneuronal inclusions

27
Q

CNS cellular response to injury:

A 
▫️astrogliosis
▫️microglial nodules
▫️axonal degeneration
▫️axonal regeneration 
▫️neuropathy 
▫️demyelination
28
Q

___ increased number of astrocytes causing glial scarring affecting sorround neuronal functioning

A

▫️Astrogliosis

29
Q

is a “nodule-like” clustering of microglial cells around dead/dying neuronal cells

A

▫️Microglial nodules

30
Q

is caused by delayed nerve conduction and sensory perception

A

Neuropathy

31
Q

Closed head injuries:

A

▫️concussion

▫️contusion

32
Q

a closed head injury: usually from blow to the head (blunt force trauma) disrupting neurological function and causing LOC

A

Concussion

33
Q

is a closed head injury: mov’t of brain w/n cranium causes widespread neuronal damage due to bruising
Whiplash (frontal and occipital bruising of brain)

A

Contusion

34
Q

Open head injuries - Skull fructures:

A

▫️compound
▫️depressed
▫️basilar

35
Q

Brain structure (dura, meninges, brain tissue) exposed to environment, possible embedding of bone into brain tissue (high risk of infection)

A

▫️compound (a type of open head injury)

36
Q

Skull is displaced below level of skull, compressing brain tissue (Affects pressure on brain and blood vessels)

A

Depressed (a type of open head injury)

37
Q

fracture at base of skull (often accompanied by loss of CSF through ears/nose)

A

Basilar (a type of open head injuries)

38
Q

Traumatic CNS injuries to Spinal Cord Is usually the result of fractures, contusions, or compression of vertebrae typically due to falls, violent sports or activities, MVA.
Most common sites of injury are:

A

▫️C5-C7, T12, and L1

39
Q

occurs when there is inadequate perfusion to neurologic tissue, resulting in impaired oxygenation.

A

Ischemic CNS injury

40
Q

Focal vs global Ischemia

A

▫️focal ischemia in the brain is confined to a specific brain region (ei due to stroke or local hemorrhage)while

▫️global ischemia includes larger areas of brain tissue (due to cardiac arrest or significant hemorrhage)

41
Q

Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves can occur because of the:

A

▫️crushing or cutting of the neurons

42
Q

damage to peripheral nerves from traumatic injury manifests with sensory symptoms:

A

▫️numbness
▫️paresthesia
▫️pain

43
Q

when nerve trauma is limited to single area, condition such as nerve entrapment and compression may contribute to impaired functional response
🔺typically due to crushing or cutting of neurons, usually in small area

A

Mononeuropathy

44
Q

Peripheral nerve damage involving multiple axons is known as ____
🔺generally occur secondary to disease process such as multiple sclerosis, DMII, nutrient deficiency, and toxic agents (arsenic)

A

▫️polyneuropathy

45
Q

Pressure on PNS injuries are caused by direct pressure on nerves, or by localized edema. ex ____

A

▫️carpal tunnel syndrome

46
Q

Peripheral nervous system motor dysfunction may be the result of peripheral nerve injury that alters reflex circuits. Many causes such as:

A

▫️Neuro muscular junction (NMJ) Abnormalities
▫️damage in skeletal muscle fibres
▫️SCI (Spinal Cord injury) damaging the corticospinal system or spinal nerve roots
▫️NT excess or deficiencies

47
Q

PNS motor dysfunction: Movement disorder

A 
▫️ataxia
▫️athetosis
▫️ballismus 
▫️bradykinesia/hypokinesia
▫️chorea
▫️Cogwell
▫️Dystonia
▫️hyperkinesis
▫️Tic
▫️Tremor
48
Q

Neurological Disorders:

A
  1. Seizure Spectrum disorder
  2. Cerebral palsy
  3. Multiple sclerosis
  4. Hydrocephalus
  5. Incomplete Spinal Cord Transection
  6. Parkinson’s Disease
  7. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  8. Myasthenia Gravis
  9. Huntington’s Disease
49
Q

Generalized seizures:

A 
▫️absence 
▫️myoclonic
▫️tonic
▫️tonic-clonic 
▫️Atonic
50
Q

Focal seizures:

A

▫️simple partial
▫️complex partial
▫️partial seizure w secondary generalisation

Pathophysiology for PN (14 decks)

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