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Drugs In Healthcare > Allergy as a drug target > Flashcards

Allergy as a drug target Flashcards

1
Q

What is an allergy?

A

A hypersensitivity reaction initiated by immunological mechanisms, the adaptive immune response to an allergen.

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2
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

A severe systemic allergic reaction.

can be life threatening

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3
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

The exaggeration of the normal effects of a substance. This happens gradually but isn’t life threatening.
For example caffeine in coffee can cause symptoms such as palpitations and trembling.

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4
Q

what is intolerance?

A

When a substance causes unpleasant symptoms, such as diarrhoea but doesn’t involve the immune system

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5
Q

List examples of allergies:

A 
Allergic rhinitis 
Eczema 
Anaphylaxis
Asthma 
Drug Allergy
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6
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity are there?

A

four types of hypersensitivity

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7
Q

What is atopy?

A

The genetic predisposition to developing allergic responses.
Its usually genetic

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of antihistamines used to treat mild allergies?

A

Sedating antihistamines

Non-sedating antihistamines

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9
Q

Give examples of a non-sedating antihistamine.

A 
Loratadine = Inverse agonist of H1 receptor
Cetrizine = Selective inhibition of H1 receptors
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10
Q

Give an of example of a sedating histamine.

A

Chlorphenamine = An inverse agonist to the H1 receptor, blocking the action of the endogenous histamine

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A 
Tachycardia 
Vasodilation
Hypotension 
Urticaria 
Facial swelling 
Angioedema (swelling) of mouth and lips
Bronchoconstricition
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12
Q

What is the assessing pneumonic used in an anaphylactic reaction?

A 
A
B
C
D
E
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13
Q

What is an epi-pen?

A

Epinephrine autoinjector is used during an allergic reaction. Contains adrenaline that causes vasoconstriction and opens the airways

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14
Q

How can an allergy be diagnosed?

A

Skin prick test

Lab testing

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15
Q

What does A stand for in the ABCDE pneumonic?

A

Airways

Examine for airway noises, fluid, secretions and odeoma

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16
Q

What does B stand for in the ABCDE pneumonic?

A

Breathing

Respiratory rate and oxygen saturarion

17
Q

What does C stand for in the ABCDE pneumonic?

A

Circulation

Heart rate and Blood pressure

18
Q

What does D stand for in the ABCDE pneumonic?

A

Disability

AVPU/GCS assessment

19
Q

What does E stand for in the ABCDe pneumonic?

A

Exposure

Identifying and removing the possible anaphylactic triggers

20
Q

What receptors does adrenaline have an effect on?

A

Alpha 1 - smooth muscle contraction
Alpha 2 - Inhibitor of transmitter release and smooth muscle contraction
Beta - Heart muscle contraction and smooth muscle relaxation

21
Q

What is a possible long term treatment for chronic allergic symptoms/reactions?

A

Immunotherapy

22
Q

What are the most common food allergies?

A 
Peanuts
Tree nuts
Milk 
Eggs
Wheat 
Soy
Fish 
Shellfish
23
Q

What are the most common drug allergies?

A

Penicillin
NSAID
General anaesthesia allergy

24
Q

What are the possible topical treatments for allergies?

A

Inhalers
Creams
Eye drops
Nasal sprays

25
Q

What are the possible symptoms of an allergic reaction.

A 
Skin rash 
Nasal congestion 
Sore throat 
Nausea and diarrhoea 
Dizziness 
Fever
26
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Involves IgE antibody against soluble antigen which triggers mast cell degranulation.

27
Q

Give examples of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions.

A

Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Hay-fever

28
Q

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

The Involves IgG and IgM antibodies directed against cellular antigens. Leading to cytotoxicity mediated by other immune system effectors

29
Q

Give examples of type 2 hypersensitivity.

A

Goodpastures syndrome - antibodies attack basement membrane

Haemolytic transfusion reaction - mismatch in blood types, The body is attacked by antibodies

30
Q

What is type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Involves interactions of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies with antigen to form immune complex (when they accumulate in the tissue it can cause damage)

31
Q

Give an example of type 3 hypersensitivity.

A

Post-streptoccus glomerulonephritis

32
Q

What is type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

T-cell mediated reactions that involve tissue damage mediated by activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

cell-mediated hypersensitivity

33
Q

Give examples of type 4 Hypersensitivity.

A

Type 1 diabetes, MS, Transpant rejections

It occurs at least 48-72 hours later

Drugs In Healthcare (14 decks)

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