AllCountries Flashcards
Jihad
Muslim holy war. There was a jihad from 1804 to 1808 in Northern Nigeria that contributed to Nigeria’s current difficulties.After Islamic Jihad was carried out in the northern region of Nigeria on orders from Islamic scholars, who were critical of the Muslim Kingdom’s impurity (Borno Kingdom), the Sokoto Caliphate was established. They would clash with the British as they attempt to assert imperial political control.
Caliphate
Islamic dynasty. The Sokoto Caliphate was installed in Northern Nigeria that ended up destroyed by British colonialism.
Royal Niger Company
A mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. Instrumental in the formation of Colonial Nigeria, as it enabled the British Empire to establish control over the lower Niger against the German competition led by Bismarck during the 1890s.
Frederick Lugard
A British soldier, explorer of Africa and colonial administrator, Governor-General of Nigeria.Lugard came up with another Strategy- manipulate the chief with goodies and bribes. An example of indirect rule. The chiefs in turn would rule on behalf of the British.
Indirect Rule
British colonial governance through native hereditary rulers. Only a few hundred Brits controlled all of Nigeria through working with local chiefs and princes who were bought off by power.
Pan-Africanism
Movement to unite all of Africa. Developed by intellectual Nigerians to liberate Africa from European rule.
Desiccation
Drying out. The Sahara began to desicate 5,000 years ago, isolating sub-Saharan Africa.
Sahel
Narrow band south of Sahara; arid but not desert.
Savanna
Tropical grasslands south of Sahel.
Why did British colonists set up a federal system in 1947?
To settle Nigeria’s regional differences corresponding to the three largest ethnic groups: Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and the Igbo.
Nigerian Independence
In 1960, Britain left Nigeria and let it collapse into military dictatorships. For the first half of independent Nigeria, civilians ruled only 1/3 of the time.
Umaru Yar’Adua
Elected president in 2007, from the PDP, died in 2010 of kidney failure
Goodluck Jonathan
-Southern Christian of the ijaw tribe.-In 2007, became vice president to Umaru Yar’Adua, both from the People’s Democratic Party.-Jonathan became president in 2010 when Yar’Adua died of kidney failure.
1979 Constitution
-Turned Nigeria into a US style presidential system to stop the British style “votes of no confidence.” -Combines head of state and chief of government.-Maximum of two 4-year terms.in which the former parliamentary system was replaced by a presidential system. This marked the short lived “Second Republic”
Nigerian Federalism
-36 states.-Every few years a new map of states is drawn to calm the ethnic groups.
The National Assembly
-Nigeria’s legislative branch.-Bicameral with a Senate and House of Representatives, each representing a single-member district (FPTP).-Both houses are elected for 4 year terms.-Each state gets 10 seats in each house, to appease smaller ethnic groups in states, which is kind of screwed up (see hyperfederalism) but ok Nigeria.
Herbert Macauley
Son of Christian Minister. Founder of Nigerian Nationalism and the first political parties of Nigeria. Called the father of Nigerian independence.
People’s Democratic Party (PDP)
-Billed as a centrist party but is basically Christian, strong in the south.-Has an unwritten deal to alternate presidency every two terms between a Muslim and a Christian, but Goodluck Jonathan broke this rule.-Biggest party in Nigeria.People’s Democratic Party-Obsanjo, Goodluck Jonathon-centrist-fiscally conservative (deregulation, privatization)-socially conservative on moral issues (anti-gay rights, but support of freedom of religion)-liberal on health/poverty issues
Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN)
A Yoruba party that does well in the southwest and nowhere else.
2011 Election
-After serving as an interim president, Goodluck Jonathan won presidency on his own with 59% of the vote for the PDP.-The election split the country, with the PDP carrying the south and the CPC carrying north. Violence erupted and 500 people were killed.
Religions of Nigeria
-50% Muslim-40% Christian-10% Indigenous faiths, such as Yoruba.
Tribes of Nigeria
-29% Hausa-Fulani (Muslim in the North)-21% Yoruba (Christian SouthWest)-18% Igbo (Christian SouthEast)-10% ijaw (Christian)-22% Other
Congress for PBuharirogressive Change (CPC)
Second biggest party in Nigeria. Strong following from northern Muslims and the rich. Funded by Buhari former military ruler of Nigeria
Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN)
A Yoruba party that does well in the southwest and nowhere else. Lead by Buhari
Biafra War
-The Igbo people of Nigeria were often called the “Jews of Nigeria” because they were hard working and often dispersed.-In 1966 Igbo officers attempted a coup to turn Nigeria into a unitary system. Northern muslims saw this as an Igbo conspiracy to take power.-Many Igbo’s were killed and displaced, and tried to set up a separate country called Biafra in 1967.-For two years Biafra held out until collapse in 1969. 500,000 Igbo’s died, most from starvation.
Cleft
Samuel Huntington’s theory: A country split into two cultures. Nigeria is split into Christianity and Islam.
Torn
Huntington’s theory of a country with a Westernizing elite but traditional masses. Nigeria and mexico are torn
Cross-Cutting Cleavages
Multiple splits in society that make groups loyalties overlap. Nigeria has some cleavages, such as religions and tribes.
Cumulative
Reinforcing one another.
Praetorianism
Tendency for military takeovers.
Patronage
Giving government jobs to political supporters.
Developmentalism
Early 1960s theory that America could develop Third World lands.
Strategic Variable
Factor you can change that makes a big improvement.
Policy
Specific choices that a government makes.
Nigerian Corruption
Since 1960, Nigerian officials have stolem $400 billion of the country’s oil revenues. Nigerian oil earns the country a lot, but very few people benefit.
Kickback
Bribe paid to government official for a contract.
Corporate Social Responsibilty
-Theory that large firms must recognize that they owe not only profits to shareholders, but also fairness and justice to workers, the community, and the environment. -In Nigeria, oil companies make huge profits from the Niger Delta, but they have polluted much of it for farming and fishing, calling into question CSR.
Absolute Poverty
Living on $1.25 a day or less.
Prebendalism
Sense of entitlement that many people in Nigeria feel they have to the revenues of the Nigerian state. Nigeria is the third example we have seen of a political culture characterized by patron-clientelism. Just as in China and Mexico, clientelism, the practice of exchanging political and economic favors among patrons and clients, is almost always accompanied by corruption. In Nigeria, in exchange for their support, a president may grant to his clients a portion of the oil revenues. Patrons are usually linked in Nigeria by ethnicity and religion.
Rentier States
States which derive all or a substantial portion of their national revenues from the rent of indigenous resources to external clients.
MEND
Environmental group trying to fix the Niger Delta.
EFCC
Committee that monitors corruption in Nigeria, it is corrupt itself.
Rent-Seeking Behavior
Attempting to gain economic rent by manipulating the social or political environment in which economic activities occur, rather than by creating new wealth.competing for the government’s largesse, those that win competition do so through political connections in patron-client system
Identity Politics
Political attitudes or positions that focus on the concerns of social groups identified mainly on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, or sexual orientation.
Federal Capital Territory (FCP)
Capital of Nigeria, a lot like DC.
Hyperfederalism
Basically where there are too many districts/states that represent different groups of people. Leads to nation fragmentation.
Transparency International (TI)
Global civil society organization fighting against corruption. Provides ranking for the most corrupt governments in the world
Petrostate
A state where the economy depends on oil exports.
Dash/Sweetbreads
Low level bribes to officials like cops.
Why is it so difficult to privatize oil in a petrostate?
People think that the government is trying to give more money to rich capitalists instead of the country. This is wrong, actually kind of the opposite.
What might result from a thorough clean up of corruption in Nigeria?
Fragmentation. Corruption is actually sort of keeping all the states in Nigeria together and benign.
Cyrus and Darius
The two most famous Persian kings.
Farsi
The native language of Persia.
Zoroastrianism
The ancient religion of Persia.
Parsis
A small group of people who followed Zoroastrianism and fleed to India once most Persians converted to Islam.
Sleep of Nations
When the growth of a country stagnates over time while other countries surge forward.
Islam
Religion founded by Muhammed. Islam was spread into Iran through military conquest.
Shia
Minority branch of Islam. (20%)
Sunni
Majority branch of Islam. (80%)
Majlis
Islam’s first elected parliament, installed after the Constitutional Revolution of 1906-1907.
Shah
Persian for king.
Praetorianism
Tendency of military strongmen to step in, in times of weak government.
Anglo-Russian Treaty (1907)
Treaty that divided Persia into a northern sphere of influence controlled by Russia and a southern one to Britain.
Reza Khan
Self-proclaimed shah who took power in 1925.
SAVAK
Secret police of the Shah.
White Revolution
A movement that the Shah forced upon the people. It essentially westernized Iran.
Pahlavi Dynasty
The dynasty that started with Reza Khan’s rise to power and ending with the Shah being ousted.
Shah Muhammed Reza Pahlavi
Reza Khan’s son who was given power when Khan fleed.
Modernizing Tyrant
A dictator who pushes a country ahead. Reza Khan is the best example of this.
In what ways was Reza Khan a modernizing tyrant?
-Created an effective Iranian army to unify his country.-Created a European-style civil service and a national bank.-Replaced traditional Islamic courts with civil courts and Western codes of justice.-Created first legitimate university.-Grew the economy.-Kept the press and Majilis obedient.-Sent critics and dissidents to die in jail.
Containment
US Cold War policy of blocking expansion of communism.
Secular
Non-religious. Both Ataturk and Reza Khan worked to separate mosque and state.
Mosque
Muslim house of worship.
Ottoman
Turkish imperial dynasty in the 14th to 20th centuries.
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Cartel of oil-rich countries designed to boost petroleum prices.
Mullah
Muslim cleric.
Ayatollah
Top Shia religious leader.
Khomeini
Very famous ayatollah of Iran, who criticized the shah, and began the Islamist rule in Iran.
Quietism
When clerics don’t take part in government. Khomenei made it the opposite.
Theocracy
Rule by priests. Religion is the top aspect of government and society.
Velayat-e Faqih
Rule of the Islamic jurist. It was a theocratic system devised by Khomeini that created the Council of Guardians and the entire government system.
Canon Law
Internal laws of the Roman Catholic Church. Best comparison to Velayat-e Faqih.
Islamist
Somebody who uses Islam in a political way.
Describe Iran’s legislation.
-Unicameral: Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis)-290 deputies in the Majlis.-Elected for four-year terms from 265 single-member districts, much like the US Congress.-Additional seats are reserved for non-muslim deputies.
Faqih
Head of State. More powerful than the President of Iran, and appoints many powerful positions in government. The constitution states that the faqih must be a scholar of Islam.-The person is called an Ayatollah. Currently it is Ayatollah Khamenei.
Ayatollah Khamanei
Current faqih of Iran.
High Council of Justice
Equivalent to Iran’s supreme court.
Council of Guardians
-12 members that serve six years each.-Every three years half of the members change.-All members are strictly Islamic lawyers.-Six are chosen by the faqih, six are chosen by the High Council of Justice, and all are approved by the Majlis.-More powerful than the Majlis.-The veto power of the Council makes the Iranian system unreformable.
Expediency Council
An overseeing council created to settle conflicts between the Majlis and the Council.
In what way are elections rigged in Iran?
All candidates must be approved by The Council of Guardians. Open liberals are always discouraged from even trying to run.
Describe the 2009 presidential election.
A moderate named Mir Hussein Mousavi ran against conservative incumbent President Ahmadinejad. Though Mousavi polled better and experts said the race would be too close to call, ballot counters announced that Ahmadinejad won with 63% to Mousavi’s 33%, which must have been rigged. There were lots of riots and social media campaigns, but Ahmadinejad stayed in power. The regime lost a lot of legitimacy.
Do political parties exist in Iran?
-Parties aren’t illegal, but only individual candidates can run in elections.-This makes it harder for voters to know which candidates stand for what.-Instead of parties, there are four major political groupings: Radicals, Conservatives, Reformists, and Liberals.
Radicals
-Most extreme supports of Islamic Revolution.-Support Ahmadinejad and idolize Khomeini. Preach populism and hate America. -Ran as Unified Principlist Front in 2008 and won 117/290 seats.
Conservatives
-Want a nonfanatic Islamic Republic with more economic growth. -Ran as Broad Principlists Coalition in 2008 and won 53/290 seats.
Reformists
-More educated middle class. -Favor privatization, less Islamic supervision in society, open elections, and dialogue with the US.-Had majority in Majlis in late 90’s but now the Council of Guardians disqualifies most of their candidates.-Ran as reformists in 2008 and won 46/290 seats.
Liberals
-Popular among Iranian students.-Emphasize democracy, civil rights, and totally free elections.-No economic ideology, ranging from free market to socialism.-No public voice or representation in gov’t.-Supported Mousavi in 2009.
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
-Radical who won presidency in 2005, then rigged the elections to win again in 2009.-Former populist mayor of Tehran.-First Iranian president to hold no religious rank.-Redistributed oil revenues to low-income Iranians and won support.-Hates Israel and believes the Holocaust is a myth.
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
A British owned oil company that exploited the oil reserves of Iran and gave little back to Iran and its people.
Mossadeq
PM of Iran who nationalized all holding of AIOC.
Assembly of Experts
Group that chooses the Faqih.
Thermidorian Reaction
All revolutions go the same way:1. Right regime2. Moderate regime3. Radical regime4. Authoritarianism
Basij
Iranian volunteer militant force like the pasdaran, only with ties to the mosques
Koran
Muslim holy book.
Ijtihad
Independent interpretations of the Koran.
Taqlid
A single, orthodox interpretation of the Koran.
Hajj
Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca.
What do Iran’s moderates believe is the best economic policy for their country?
Socialism and statism (state controlling the economy) don’t work, best way is free market economy.
What are the current debates about dress and why are they significant?
Represents the questioning of Islam theocratic rule.
Why is it difficult to improve US Iran relations?
Extreme culture gap to the point where the two populations don’t understand each other at all.
Why do revolutions end badly?
- Destruction of system leaves people confused and ripe for dictatorial rule.2. Unleash the most chaotic forces from a country.3. Revolutions usually end with ruthless elements wrecking stuff until Thermidorian Reactions take place.4. Revolutions always go astray when trying to answer big social questions because the only way to do that is a tyrant.
What does Roskin predict for Iran’s future?
Everything’s in place for Iran to become very modern and democratic, if the radicals lose their power and the US backs off with threats.
Iran-Contra Affair
White House tried to trade missiles with Iran despite having a trade embargo. Revolutionaries leaked details and it was not good for America’s image
Conservative moderates
Favor the Islamic Republic but think that the radicals are reckless and dangerous
Militant Islamists
Want a truly Islamist republic, one based on religious law and presided over by the faqih
Islamic Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran)
Like a Nazi SS. Higher than civil police
Thermidor
Cooling after The Shah’s regime lost legitimacy, unrest breaks out, Shah leaves, then there’s a brutal power struggle
Bonyads
Foundations originally set up to redistribute the wealth of the Shah
Fatwa
like an islamic court ruling
Hezbollah
The Lebanese terrorist group which Iran funded, kinda cutting some previous alright ties with Israel
Iran 2013 Presidential Election results
Hassan Rouhani, a conservative, won on majority
Iran 2012 Legislative Election results
Conservatives had the most seats, followed by liberals, Independents, then religious minorities
Middle Kingdom
China’s name for itself.
Han
Dynasty that solidified China’s unity and culture. Ethnic meaning is main people of China. (206 BC - 220 AD)
Mandarin Class
High civil servant of imperial China; now main language of China.
Dynastic cycle
Rise, maturity, and fall of an imperial family.
Mandate of Heaven
Old Chinese expression for legitimacy.
Mongol
Central Asian Dynasty, founded by Genghis Khan, ruled over China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
Manchu
Last imperial dynasty of China, AKA Qing dynasty. (1644-1912)
Steady-state
A system that preserves itself with little change.
Confucianism
Chinese philosophy of social and political stability based on family, hierarchy, and manners.
Kow-tow
To kneel and bow deeply.
Ming
Chinese dynasty between Mongols and Manchus. (1368-1644)
Pinyin
System of transliterating Chinese.
Opium Wars
British and French campaigns to keep China open to opium imports.
Treaty Ports
Areas of China coast run by European powers.
Extraterritoriality
Privilege of Europeans in colonial situations to have their own laws and courts.
Sphere of Influence
Semicolonial area under control of major power.
Taiping
Religion-based rebellion in nineteenth-century China.
Boxer
Chinese antiforeigner rebellion in 1900.
Open Door
US policy of protecting China.
Warlord
General who ran a province.
Nationalist
Chiang Kai-shek’s party that unified China in the late 1920s, abbreviated KMT.
Mass Line
Mao’s theory of peasant-based revolution for China.
Zhongnanhai
Walled compound for China’s top leaders next to Forbidden City in Beijing.
Forbidden City
Emperor’s walled palace complex in Beijing.
Geomancy
Divinely correct positioning of structures.
Tiananmen
Gate of Heavenly Peace, Beijing’s main square.
Kremlinology
Noting personnel changes to analyze Communist regimes.
Beida
Beijing University. (Like Harvard)
Comintern
Short for Communist International; world’s Communist parties under Moscow’s control.
Cadre
Communist member serving as an official.
Gang of Four
Mao’s ultra radical helpers, arrested in 1976.
Paramilitary
National police force organized and equipped like a light army.
Autonomous Region
Soviet-style home area for ethnic minority.
Uighur
Muslim, Turkic-speaking ethnic group.
Xinjiang
China’s north-westernmost region, home of Uighurs.
Tibet
Himalayan region of China with distinct language and culture.
Maoism
Extreme form of communism, featuring guerrilla warfare and periodic upheavals.
Voluntarism
Belief that human will can change the world.
Guangdong
Southern coastal province.
Pearl River Delta
Major industrial area in Guangdong; includes Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong.
Qin
First dynasty to actually unify China. (221-206 BC)
Taiwan
Large island of China’s southern coast, ruled by Nationalists since 1945.
Korean War
Conflict involving North and South Korea, US, and Chinese forces. (1950-1953)
Anti-Japanese War
The Chinese name for WWII in China. (1937-1945)
Self-censorship
The curbing of criticism the media imposes on itself.
Century of Humiliation
China’s phrase for its domination by imperialists from the first Opium War to Communist victory. (1839-1949)
Daoism
Old Chinese religion originally based on nature.
Jesuit
Society of Jesus; Catholic religious order once active in converting Asians.
Putonghua
Standard language of China.
Solidarity
Huge Polish labor union that ousted the Communist regime in 1989.
Qinghua
China’s top technological university. (Like MIT)
Great Leap Forward
Mao’s failed late 1950’s effort to industrialize China overnight.
Cultural Revolution
Mao’s late 1960’s mad effort to break bureaucracy in China.
Red Guards
Radical Maoist youth who disrupted China during the Cultural Revolution.
Coercion
Government by force.
S-Curve
Typical trajectory of economic development.
State-owned Enterprises (SOEs)
Firms still owned by the Chinese Government. They are incredibly large and corrupt.
Insolvent
Owes more than it owns.
Soft Landing
Gradual calming of destabilizing economic shifts.
R & D
Research and development of new technologies.
Devalue
To change the worth of a currency downward in relation to other currnecies.
RMB
Renminbi (people’s money), official name of China’s currency. Same and yuan.
Yuan
China’s currency, worth about 16 US cents.
Peg
To fix one currency at an unchanging rate to another.
Revalue
To change the worth of a currency upward in relation to other currencies.
Float
To allow a currency to find its own level based on supply and demand.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
A currency’s value taking cost of living into account.
Special Economic Zones
Areas originally on China’s souther coast where capitalist economic development was encouraged.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Foreign firms setting up operations in other countries.
Yuppie
Short for “young urban professional”.
Guanxi
Chinese for connections (not related to Guangxi Province).
World Trade Organization (WTO)
120-plus members open themselves to trade and investment; has quasi-judicial powers.
Dumping
Selling goods overseas for less than it costs to produce them.
Taipei
Capital of Taiwan.
CNOOC
State owned oil company.
Great Firewall
Censorship in China.
demagogue
Play on emotions rather than rational thinking.
Manchurian invasion
Japanese invasion of China. Demonstrated low legitimacy.
Rape of Nanking
Japanese mass murder of Nanking in 1927. Demonstrated low legitimacy for China.
Hukou system
Residence registration system that really just keeps track on peasant movement.
Charter ‘08
Manifesto calling for separation of powers, guarantee of human rights, abolishing hukou system.
Sun Yat-sen
Nationalist leader in China who was defeated by the CCP and Mao and forced to take his movement to Taiwan.
Zhou Enlai
First premier of PRC.
Explain how these characteristics contribute to the regime designation of China: 1. Electoral competition2. Civil society3. Media
No real electoral competition and massive control over the media contribute to the current regime ruling China being described as AUTHORITARIAN
Explain how two environmental problems in China resulted from its economic liberalization. Describe a policy the Chinese government has developed in response to one of these environmental problems.
Air and water pollution. Resulted from economic liberalization due to expansion of industrialization and lack of government regulation. Government temporarily shutdown some factories and physically moved others.
- Describe the general pattern of internal migration within China.2. Describe one economic policy that prompted the migration in China.3. Describe a political consequence of the migration in China.4. How has the Chinese government responded to these shifts?
- Rural to Urban2. Special Economic Zones shifted emphasis from agriculture to industry3. Protests4. Reduction of social benefits for migrants
- Describe a major social cleavage in China. 2. Discuss two policies the Chinese state has adopted since 1990 in response to that cleavage.
- Urban/rural2. a) Infrastructure development such as roads, dams and communications in rural areasb) Migrant policies/residency requirements.
Describe the status of private property in China under Mao. Identify and explain one policy undertaken by the Chinese government within the past 30 years that contradicts that policy.
- Private property wasn’t allowed and was sometimes confiscated2. Decollectivization of land contradicts the private property era policies of Mao
Why did China pursue population growth policies? Describe one social and economic result of the policies (2009)
- Economic growth, Fear of unrest resulting from overpopulation 2. Social: selective abortions. Economic: less poverty
What is the point of having two 5-year terms?
Raises legitimacy
Who makes the laws in China?
The standing committee of the CCP. Contains 9 members making laws.
How many people are in the Politburo?
24 party chiefs. Lower than the standing committee.
Who is head of state?
Xi Jinping, who is Chairman of the government and CCP Gensek.
Who is head of government?
Li Keqiang, who is premier of the government.
Explain what it means to say that a government has transparency. Describe two examples that show how the Chinese government since 1997 limits transparency.
- A government has transparency when it allows information about government and policy to circulate openly.2. A government has transparency when it allows citizens several points of access for obtaining information about governmental actions.3. Censorship of public policy or events of public relevance• Closed government proceedings like court
What happened to VICTIMS of the red guards?
A million were killed, thousands more sent to the countryside to farm.
Effects of the Cultural Revolution?
Industry was terrible, education was lower, students were chosen for political attitudes instead of abilities, officials who the red guards didn’t like rode the wave then reasserted power.
Left politics in China
Rural, older, socialism, favor government control of the economy, media control.
Right politics in China
More like Republicans; Urban, younger, capitalism, favor free market.
How might China try to shift towards democracy?
Let CCP factions which favor a democratic approach voice their opinions to the general public.
What is the status of labor unions in China?
Mostly fake. Anyone trying to organize a real union is jailed.
Chinese banks are…
mostly state owned and only Beijing holds them accountable.
How did China stay afloat in 2008-09?
Massive spending, on infrastructure and and consumption.
Why is Tiananmen Square important?
Soldiers opened fire on students who were peacefully protesting for democracy and a less corrupt regime.
Why does China not clean up corruption?
- It’s so widespread that attempts to clean it would likely result in loss of support from the majority of cadres (corrupt ones)2. It would just spring back up pretty soon
- Describe one argument for and one argument against the privatization of industry in China. 2. What responses has the Chinese government had to global pressures to privatize industry?
- For: Attracts domestic and foreign investmentsAgainst: creation of oligarchs2. Privatization of some industries like consumer goods, but state controlled the important ones.
What signs of democracy are evident in the Chinese economy?
- Small businesses are owned by the people2. Village elections that allowed people who weren’t in the Party to run
Why are churches and labor unions strongly repressed in China?
They tend to cut across geographic areas and grow really big. China doesn’t want them to change the world.
What is the relationship between economic growth and economic inequality?
As the economy grows, the inequality is greater.
In what way does the Tianenmen square massacre indicate the dangers of half reforms?
Dangerous because it shows people what they are missing out on and then they want more so Beijing takes a full measure.
What % of Chinese are living in the country?
50.00%
What might it be like to live under Beijing rules?
There are not rules for driving, bicycle riding, safety, etc.
What is the status of academic freedom in China?
Teachers can say whatever they want, they just can’t publish it.
What might happen if China moved to mass elections?
Demagogues would be elected.
What is the difference between regime and government?
The regime is the type of government whereas government is just the person and cabinet.
How did China get the economy to do so well?
Cheap domestic labor combined with imported technology.
First order effects of the one child policy?
Less population growth.
Second order effects of the one child policy?
Excess of boys over girls due to selective abortion.
Third order effects of the one child policy?
Lots of chinese males will never find brides.
Why are there upcoming labor shortages?
Countryside peasants have left for the cities and one child families will soon limit the laborers.
Trouble with introducing a market economy into China?
Over investment (into risky projects), too-rapid growth (China can’t keep up with industrial growth) and economy boom going bust
According to Roskin, what are some preliminary steps toward democracy?
Allow outright ownership of land, letting peasants change residencies as they wish, and establishing laws against corruption.
political economy
The original term used for studying production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth. Context: how did the government handle the 2008-2009 recession
nation
Cultural element of country; people psychologically bound to one another.
state
Institutional element of country.
sovereignty
“Boss on your own turf”; Right to rule over yoursel
ethnicity
Cultural characteristics differentiating one group from one another.
failed state
Collapse of sovereignty, no national governing power.Including:-loss of control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force therein-erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions-an inability to provide public services-an inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international communityContext: Afghanistan, Congo, Somalia
reification
Taking theory as reality. (BAD)
secularization
Diminishing role of religion in government and society.
nationalism
Devotion to the interest or culture of one’s country.
political geography
A branch of geography that deals with human governments, and the boundaries and subdivisions of political units.
GDP
Gross domestic product; sum total goods produced by a country in one year.
per capita
GDP divided by population, giving a level of well-being.
electoral franchise
Right to vote.
constitution
Written organization of a country’s institutions.
parliament
National assembly that considers and enacts laws.
parliamentary system
When a nation uses a Parliament as the legislative branch of their government.
cabinet
The top executives of a government.
presidential system
When the executive branch is led by a person who serves as both head of state and head of government.
political culture
the set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments that give order and meaning to a political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in the political systemContext: On paper, the post WWI German Weimar constitution was magnificent but did not work in practice because too few Germans supported the democracy.
legitimacy
When the country recognize the authority of the government. Two big factors ex: percentage of citizens paying taxes and size of police force to enforce the law
ideology
Belief system to improve society.
pragmatism
Being practical; without idealogical considerations. David Cameron, UK PM, is also a pragmatist.
cleavages
Things that split society. (Race, religion, education level)
fake states
Artificial country that splits apart or is absorbed.
rational choice theory
Rationality, interpreted as “wanting more rather than less of a good”, is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in microeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making.Context: Why politicians try to “aim for the center”
factions
Subsections of political parties. (e.g. The Tea Party is a faction of the Republican Party)
interest groups
Any voluntary association that seeks to publicly promote and create advantages for its cause.Context: In Britain, the labor party is officially linked to the labor unions
redistribution
“taking from the rich and giving to the poor”. graduated taxation that takes a higher percentage of high earners’ income and uses the money for social programs for the whole country/those less well-off. “well fare state”
Westminster system
How the Parliament of the UK acts and proceeds
exchequer
Britain’s treasury minister.
mixed monarchy
Balance of both King and nobles.
Magna Carta
1215 agreement that preserved the rights of English nobles.
commons
Lower house of Parliament; the elected, important chamber.
lords
Upper house of Parliament; now less important than Commons.
anticlerical
Wants to get the Roman Catholic Church out of politics.
common law
System of judge-made law developed in England.rules inherent in human nature and essential to human society
precedent
Legal reasoning based on previous cases.
Crown
The British government.
ministers
Heads of major departments (ministries) of government.
prime minister
Chief of government in parliamentary system, they become leader in GB when their party is the majority in parliament, they can call new elections anytime, creates the cabinet, and more.
Whigs (Liberal Party)
Originally represented merchants and manufacturers.
Tories (Conservative Party)
Originally represented landed aristocracy.
middle class
Professionals or those paid salaries, typically more affluent and more educated.
working class
Those paid an hourly wage, typically less affluent and less educated.
conservatism
Ideology of preserving existing institutions and usages.
Reform Acts
Series of laws in 1832 that expanded the British electoral franchise.
Head of State
Chief public representative of a country
MP
Member of Parliament.
portfolio
Minister’s assigned ministry.
fusion of powers
Connection of executive and legislative branches in parliamentary systems.
Lib Dems
Liberal Democrats. Third largest political party in Britain.
whip
Parliamentary party leader who makes sure members obey the party in voting.
general election
Nationwide vote for PM.
by-election
Special election for a vacant seat in Parliament.
backbenchers
Ordinary MP with no executive responsibility.
vote of no confidence
Parliamentary vote to oust prime minister. Happened in 2007 after Tony Blair’s Iraq policy.
Whitehall
Main British government offices.
Number 10 Downing Street
Where the prime minister lives in Britain.
opposition
Parties in Parliament that are not in the cabinet.
2 plus party system
Two big parties and several small ones. In Britain, Labour and Conservative are the big parties, and Liberal Democrats are small.
single member districts
Sends one representative to Parliament.
center-periphery tension
Resentment in outlying areas of rule by the nation’s capital. There is center-periphery tension between Britain and Northern Ireland, Wales, and Scotland.
meritocracy
Promotion by brains and ability rather than heredity.
public school
In Britain, these are private boarding schools, equivalent to US prep schools.
“Oxbridge”
The elite universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Nearly half the Conservative MPs went here, and a quarter of Labour MPs as well.
PPE
Philosophy, Politics, and Economics.
center packed distribution
When most votes are in the center of the political spectrum.
“civility”
Good manners in politics.
Ulster
Northern Ireland.
home rule
Giving a region some autonomy to govern itself.
Republic of Ireland
A sovereign state within Europe, used to be a member of Great Britain.
hooliganism
Violent and destructive behavior.
Orangemen
Northern Irish Protestants. (After King William of Orange)
party image
Electorate’s perception of a given party.
party identification
Psychological attachment of a voter to a political party.
seats
Membership in a legislature.
constituency
The district or population that elects a legislator.
central office
London headquarters of a British political party.
safe seats
Constituency where voting has long favored a given party. (e.g. Republicans rarely win in Chicago)
neoliberalism
Revivial of free-market economics, exemplified by Thatcher.
euroskeptics
Those who oppose or criticize the EU and how it is run.
euroenthusiasts
Those who accept and support the EU and how it is run.
Maastricht Treaty
Created the EU and the Euro in 1992.
TUC
Trade Union Congress. British labor federation, equivalent to the US AFL-CIO.
left-right
The idea that societies tend to divide themselves into ideological differences.
interested members
MP known to represent an interest group.
sleaze factor
Immoral or corrupt.
CBI
The Confederation of British Industry. The UK’s leading business organization, speaking for some 240,000 businesses from the perspective of their leadership.
subsidies
Government aid to individuals or businesses.
Question Hour
Time reserved in Commons for MPs to query ministers.
permanent secretary
Highest civil servant who runs a ministry, under a nominal minister.
Treasury/Chancellor of the Exchequer
British ministry that supervises economic policies and budgets of other ministries.
knighthood
Lowest rank of nobility, carries the title “sir”.
peerage
A lord or lady, higher than knighthood.
rule of anticipated reactions
Friedrich’s theory that politicians plan their moves so as not to anger the public.
recession
A shrinking economy, indicated by falling GDP.
austerity
Being strict with a budget. Opposite of deficit spending.
Division
A vote in Parliament.
deindustrialization
Decline of heavy industry.
welfare state
Concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
consumption
Buying things.
production
Making things.
productivity
Efficiency with which things are made.
inflation
Increase in most prices.
monetarism
Friedman’s theory that the rate of growth of money supply governs much economic development.
entitlements
Spending programs citizens are automatically entitled to, such as Social Security.
NHS
National Health Service.
devolution
Central government turning power over to regions.
SNP
Scottish National Parliament.
quasi-federalism
Part way federal system.
unitary system
System that centralizes power in the capital with little autonomy for component areas.
unicameral legislature
Having one legislative or parliamentary chamber.
Ed Miliband
Leader of the Labour party.
Nick Clegg
Leader of the Lib Dems.
election of 2010
Conservatives win 306 seats and Cameron becomes PM. Labour wins 258. Lib-Dems win 57. Conservatives formed a coalition with the Lib-Dems to win the election.
National Front
Forerunner to BNP. Anti-French and anti-EU
BNP
British National Party. Anti-immigration, racist party.
EMU
European Monetary Union, EU program intended to work towards economic unity.
euro
Currency for most of West Europe.
parliamentary sovereignty
Ideology that the parliament has supreme power over all other governing institution.
Keynesian Economics
The view that in the short run, especially during recessions, economic output is strongly influenced by total spending in the economy.
Rule of Law
The influence and authority of law within society, especially as a constraint upon behavior, including behavior of government officials.
EEA
European Economic Area. Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein are included in EEA but not EU. Pay membership fees to EU but have no say in the laws. Allowed to regulate their own farms, fish, tax, justice, and foreign policy.
Schengen Area
Places in Europe with non-regulated borders. Switzerland is in the Schengen Area but not the EU or the EEA.
Eurozone
Places where the Euro is used as currency. Countries must fit a set of requirements to use the Euro, though some countries (Greece) lie about meeting these requirements.
Which countries in the EU still use their own money?
Demark, Sweden, and the UK.
Outermost Regions
Territories formerly/still owned by France, Spain, Portugal and Britain. EU laws don’t apply, but the people are still EU citizens.
Does Britain have a constitution?
The laws are what make up the constitution. much of it is based off of precedents that dictate common law. no laws can be declared unconstitutional, so people have to kick people making bad laws out of office.
How did Democracy come to Britain?
They first limited the power of the monarchy and expanded the process to the people. glorious revolution- took out king and appointed william of orange, established transfer of power to parliament from thrown. Magna Carta gave more power to lords. electoral franchise broadened gradually because of rising middle class (19th century).
What is Britain’s stance on the EU?
Britain believes EU is inefficient organization that overpowers country’s policy on economy, transportation, etc. Also believe euro is not the currency for them. do not want to give up sovereignty in making their own laws.
What is the relationship between Britain and Ireland?
After republic of ireland broke off from UK, the Catholics controlled the South and the Protestants had the north. when the UK took over the island, they set up a sector for themselves in the north and pushed out the catholics down south, this created the differences within the regions. this lead to violence. now the Catholics want full independence and the Protestants want to remain a part of the UK.
Do revolutions against tyranny lead to democracy?
No, not always. France and Russia failed many times after revolutions. Often revolutions lead to dictatorships.
What factors produced the Modern State?
-Renaissance begins growth in art, philosophy, science, and commerce. -Shift from Feudalism to Absolutism.-Movable type spreads information.-Secularization weakens Church.
haciendas
large estates granted by the king and owned by wealthy Spanish families but worked by peasants and slaves
missions
religious settlements established by priests in spanish america to get local indians to practice christianity (Catholicism) and learn Spanish.
peninsulares / Viceroys
People born in Spain - the highest social class in Latin America in the 1700s and early 1800s
Creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World.
Mestizos
People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in areas colonized by Spain.
Mulatos
people of mixed European and African ancestry; mestizos and these people occupied the lower political and social positions in Spanish American society
Indians
bottom of Spanish Colonial social hierarchy- legally free but usually treated like slaves
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
American Indians and African Slaves
The hard work of the mines and the haciendas was done by
mining & agriculture
The most important parts of the colonial economy were
Miguel Hidalgo
Mexican Creole priest who established an independence movement among Indians, mestizos and common people in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.
Mexican American War
The Mexican-American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province and refused to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836. Mexico lost nearly half of it’s land to the United States in this war.
Day of the Dead
a Mexican Holiday on November 1 and 2, for honoring loved ones who have died.
Influenced Latin American Independence Movement
The American Revolution, The French Revolution and the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers.
1810
Year the Mexican War of Independence began
1821
Year the Mexican War of Independence ended in Mexican victory over the Spanish.
wanted to hold power
Reasons Creoles were upset with Spanish Rule
Pancho Villa
A popular guerilla leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
Emilliano Zapata
Mexican revolutionary; he led the revolt against Porfirio Diaz in the south of Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. Loved the poor and worked and fought to redistribute land to the natives and poor. fought with Pancho Villa.
Santa Anna
Was president or virtual leader of Mexico 11 times. President, dictator, general, ect. Was dishonest and and wanted to make himself wealth and powerful. Fought Texans at the Alamo.
Porfirio Diaz
dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants. Modernized Mexico, but was on the side of a few wealthy people and against the majority of Mexicans. Had power 1876-1911
Benito Juarez
Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico, a Mexican president (first who was Indian) who wrote a constitution and fought for a better life for the poor.
Cinco de Mayo
Mexican holiday on may 5th that celebrates the victory the Mexican people over the French who invaded there country.
Jose Morelos
was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary rebel leader who led the Mexican War of Independence movement, assuming its leadership after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1811. He was later captured by the Spanish colonial authorities and executed for treason in 1815. Advocated equality for all Mexicans and redistribution of Creole land to all Mexicans.
caudillos
word that means “a military dictor in Latin American countries.
Camarillas
patron-client networks extending from the political elites to vote-mobilizing organizations throughout the country, political cliques that are very powerful in mexico
Populism
revolutions of 1810 and 1910 had huge peasant bases led by charismatic figures, historical tradition of wide people-involvement
Porfiriato
the long period of rule by Mexico’s Porfirio Diaz, 1876-1911, often cited as a prime example of neocolonialism in Latin America. Diaz imposed strict political control, encouraged European and US investment, and gave special influence to a group of positivist thinkers called Cientificos.
Mexican Miracle
described a country with a rapidly increasing GNP in orderly transition from an authoritarian to a democratic government; based largely on huge supplies of natural gas & oil
Zedillo
1994-2000 squeaky clean government administration
PRI
The national government of Mexico coalesced into one single governing party; Party of the Institutionalized Revolution; dominant political party in Mexico; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico.
National Action Party
A conservative party, in Mexican politics that was founded in 1939 and until the early 1990’s played the role of loyal opposition. Its policies were pro-clerical, pro-American, and pro-business, favoring a limited government role in the economy and the promotion of private land ownership rather than communal ownership.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada
Cristero Rebellion
1926-1929. Was a counterrevolution against the Mexican Government by the Christians/Catholics. After the Mexican Revolution a new constitution was written in 1917. This was an attempt to restrict the influence that the Church had on Mexico. The church could no longer own land and be involved politically (this was power). Two main sides: the government and the cristeros (“soldiers of christ”). Peasants were drawn in to help the government in return for land. They were called the militia.
PRD
Partido de la Revolucion Democratica/ Party of the Democratic Revolution. The center-left party that emerged after the 1988 elections from splits within the PRI. leftist
multi party system
political party system that recognizes 3 or more major political parties
Vicente Fox
Mexican president elected in 2000; of the PAN party; ended the 70-year rule of the PRI; gave possibilities to Mexico , Pushed to end official corruption, reduce poverty, and spur economic growth; Tried to protect the rights of Mexico’s natives;
Felipe Calderon
PAN , The current President of Mexico. Trying to stop illegal immigrants from entering US and trying to defeat the drug cartels.
Federal Electoral Institute
An independent agency that regulates elections in Mexico, created in 1996 to end decades of electoral fraud, has very specific rules
Sinaloa Cartel
(Guzmán-Loera Organization or Pacific Cartel) Mexican cartel formed in the 1970’s by Aviles Perez who pioneered air trafficking. This cartel is involved in the smuggling and distribution of Colombian cocaine, Mexican marijuana, methamphetamine and Mexican and Southeast Asian heroin into the United States. It is the most active cocaine smuggling cartel and was believed to be as large as the Medellin Cartel in the 1990’s. It is known for having the most diverse distribution of any Mexican cartel with clientele in Latin America and Europe.
The richer part
Northern Mexico
Mexico’s main religion
Catholicism
Main Cleavages
Mestitzos vs Amerindian and poor farmers vs the industrializing cities of the north
PEMEX
a national oil company set up by the Mexican government to run the oil industry; a symbol of Mexican independence
State Corporatism
a political system in which the state requires all members of a particular economic sector to join an officially designated interest group, with the result that the state gains substantial control over interest groups and interest groups channel or control their members’ political and economic advocacy
Zetas
Mexican officials say they captured a suspected leader for the _____ drug cartel during a horse race that he organized in the northern state of Zacatecas.
Chamber of Deputies
Chamber of Deputies lower house of Congress, 300 seats are determined by plurality for single-member districts, 200 chosen by proportional representation
Patron clientelism
typically involves a political organization (such as a party) that dispenses benefits or favors to people in exchange for their votes or other forms of support
Zedillo
last PRI pres-1. proposes an amend that the mayor of Mex. city should be elected 2. creates Fed. Election Institute (indep of the government, and allows honest elections- which shows that not everyone is voting PRI 3. allows primaries to choose cadidate instead of dedazo (ends exec. dominance) 4. made Me. more dem-stops corruption and cheating in the elections 5. rescues the econ 6. Zapatista rev. and 2 assass. cause capital flight
Cardenas
president of Mexico who invoked and applied reforms guaranteed to Mexicans by the Constitution of 1917. Brought land reform and redistribution to a peak., made significant strides in respect to capitalism; he favored Mexican industry with government loans and protective tarrifs that ensured the creation of a captive market for high priced goods
technicos
a faction within the ruling PRI that rose to prominence in the 1980 s through promotion of Neoliberal economic reforms. US and European educated, these members were in conflict with the corporatist dinosaurios.
chiapas
southern Mexican state which had large groups of Native Americans, where rebels took up arms and challenged the gov’t, demanding land reform and NA rights
Constitution of 1917
new mexican constitution based on land, religion, and labor. it broke up haciendas,placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed the government to take over natural resources. church land was made the property of the nation. Current one
Revolution of 1910-1917
This revolution failed to create a more equal society in Mexico, but did improve most things for the middle class (PRI)
Mexico City
the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center
Corporatist System
Single peak association that represents each interest, membership is often compulsory and universal, centerally organized and directs actions of members, and memebers are systmatically involved in making and implementing policy
Is it Federal or Unitary?
Federal
Head of State? Head of Government?
President
What kind of party system is mexico?
multi-party system
Dedazo
selecting of family members or personal friends for a political positions
Asymmetric Federalism
A system where power is devolved unequally across the country and its constituent regions, often the result of specific law,s negotiated between the region and the central government.
Chechnya
Russian republic that been a source of military conflict since 1991.
Cheka
Soviet Secret police created by Lenin; precursor to the KGB.
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
A loose integrationist body that incorporates most former Soviet republics.
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Successor partry in Russia to the Communist Patry of the Soviet Union.
Constitutional Court
Highest body in the Russian legal system, responsible for constitutional review. Has power of judicial review
Czar or Tsar
Russian word for emperor (From Caesar)
Duma
Lower house of the Russian legislature; creates & passes laws; approves PM; vote of confidence
Federal Security Bureau (FSB)
Successor to the KGB, the Russian inteligence agency.
Glasnost
Literally, openess. The policy of political liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the late 1980s under Gorbachev.
KGB
Soviet Secret police agency charged with domestic and foreign intelligence.
Kremlin
Eleventh-century fort of Moscow that has been the historical seat of Russian state power; the executive
Liberal Democratic Partry of Russia (LDPR)
Political party in Russia with a nationalist and anti-democratic orientation.
Nomenklatura
Political sensitive or influential jobs in the state society, or economy that are staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party.
Oligarchs
Russian people who are noted for their control of a large amounts of the Russian economy (including the media), their close to the government, and the accusations of corruption surrounding their rise to power.
Orthodox Christianity
A varient of Christianity separate from Roman Chatholicism and Proestantism, originally centured in Byzantium (now roughly modern-day Turkey).
Parties of Power
Russian parties created by political elites to support their political aspirations. Tlly lacking any ideological orientation
Perestroika
Literally, restructuring. The policy of economic liberalization implemented in the Soviet Union in the 1980s under Gorbachev.
Politburo
Top policy-making and executive body of the Communist Party.
Putin, Vladimir
President of Russia m 1999 to 2008; prime minister from 2008; President from 2012 - ?
Rus
Origin of the word Russia, thought to refer to Vikings who settled the region in the ninth century CE.
Shock Therapy
A process of rapid marketization.
Soviets
Name given to workers’ councils that sprang up in 1917.
Union of Right (URF)
Political party in Russia with a liberal-democratic.
Yabloko
Small party in Russia which advocates deomcracy and a liberal political economic system.
Yeltsin, Boris
President of Russia from 1991 to 1999.
A Just Russia
liberal party; leader criticizes corrupt elections and Putin
Bolsheviks
Major organization of people that eventually became Russian Communist Party after October Revolution
Clientalism
Relationship b/w individuals with unequal economic and social status; reciprocal exchange of goods and favors based on moral obligation
Collectivization
consolidated individual land and labour onto group run farms (under Stalin)
Communism
socioeconomic system based on equality of people between all groups and collective ownership of goods
Constitution of 1993
created a democratic Russia (President, PM, courts, etc)
Supreme Court
Highest court of appeals for all civil and criminal cases
Decrees
Orders given by president that have the force of law
Democratic Centralism
Rule by an elected few; debate is tolerated, but when decisions are made everyone must follow them
demokratizatsiya
Gorby’s plan to infuse democratic elements into the Soviet Union
Dominant Party System
one party has traditionally dominated elections so much so that no other party could be seen to win (CPRF)
Federation Council
legislative group (ratifies treaties, approves judges, approves military deployment)
Five Year Plans
plans that were intended to “catch up” Russia with the West; collective farms and dissent = results
Gorbachev
young leader who attempted to modernize Russia in the 1980s to catch up with the rest of the world
Kruschev
Leader who was for “de-stalinization”; gave secret speech opposing Stalin
Lenin
First leader of Communist Russia
Mafia
made up of oligarchs; very powerful since SU dissolved; taking money from many businesses for “protection”
Marxism-Leninism
A uniquely Russian style of Communism
Medvedev
current PM, former president
Nashi
Pro-Putin youth group
Power Vertical
Putin’s concept to explain re-centralization of pwer
Presidential-Parliamentary System
Combines both a president and a PM
Privatization
Private individuals own businesses; created lots of wealth for oligarchs
Soft Authoritarianism
…
Stalin
Ruthless Soviet leader (Purges, collectivization, industrialization, 5 year plans
Stalinism
two pronged process of collectivization and industrialization, executed with force and brutality
State Corporatism
negotiations between state and business to establish economic policy
Statism
Russians value a strong state to protect them; contrast to Western civil society; No sep of church and state
Totalitarianism
political system where state holds total power
United Russia Party
Pro-Putin; party of power
Red Army
Soviet army (Pro-communism); began with Bolsheviks after October Revolution
White Russians
Anti-Communist party that fought the Bolsheviks
