ALL YEARS – *Definitions For Key Words & Phrases* Flashcards
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Absorb
Absorb is when a particle(s) is taken into a liquid or gas. AMZ PLEASE CHECK THIS
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Acid
Acid is a source of hydrogen ions (H+), and they are proton donors. Acids have a pH of less than 7.
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Acid rain
Acid rain is when rain becomes acidic. This is due to crude oil being burnt and can produce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Sulfur dioxide comes from impurities in crude oil and nitrogen oxides form when the temperature is high enough for nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react (cars). When any of these mix with water vapour it forms dilute sulfuric acid or nitric acid. This then falls from clouds.
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Activation Energy
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy for reactants to collide with each other and react. This could be in endothermic and exothermic reactions. This is part of the theory that particles must have enough energy to collide AND enough energy to react.
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Addition reaction
An addition reaction is where a halogen reacts with an alkene. This is because when they react the C=C double bond splits and a halogen atom is added to each of the carbons.
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Addition
IN WHAT CONTEXT AMZ??
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Alcohols
Alcohols have a functional group of -OH and a formula of CnH2n+1OH. Alcohols can be oxidised to for carboxylic acids.
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Alkali metals
Alkali metals are group 1 on the periodic table. They are pretty reactive (commonly with water). As you go down group 1 they become more reactive. Atoms lose electrons more easily further down group 1 you go. Alkali metals are: Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb), Caesium(Cs) and Francium(Fr).
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Addition polymerisation
Addition Polymerisation is the process of making addition polymers. Polymers are large molecules made up of small repeating units (monomers). Monomers that make up an addition polymer have a double covalent bond. Eg. Alkenes can open up their C=C double bond and join to make polymer chains. Naming: poly(x).
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Alkanes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons and have a carbon-carbon single bond. They can undergo substitution reactions and combustion reactions. Formula: CnH2n+2
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Alkenes
Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon=carbon double bond. They can undergo addition reactions and are a product of cracking. Formula: CnH2n
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Allotropes
Allotropes are different forms of the same element in the same state. Eg. Diamond is an allotrope of carbon.
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Alloy
Alloys are metals made by adding other elements (typically other metals/carbon) to the metal. Different elements have different sized atoms, so it distorts the shape meaning it is harder for atoms to slide over each other. Alloys therefore are harder than pure metals. Alloys include steel (iron + carbon/other metals), brass (copper + zinc) and bronze (copper + tin).
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Amphoteric
An amphoteric is a molecule or ion that can react as an acid or a base.
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Anaerobic
Anaerobic means without oxygen. Eg. Anaerobic respiration is respiration without oxygen.
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Anhydrous
Anhydrous describes a substance if it contains no water.
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Boiling point
A boiling point is the point at which a liquid breaks the bonds and becomes a gas. Pure substances have a set boiling point, whereas mixtures boil over a range of temperatures.
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Boiling
The stage where a liquid turns into a gas.
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Chromatogram
A chromotogram is the end result of chromatography where you are left with a pattern of spots on the paper.
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Chromatography
Chromatography separates a mixture of soluble solids. (Eg. Mixture of food dyes) Ones with higher solubility levels will travel further up the paper. Chromatography is used to calculate a substances Rf value.
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Complete combustion
Complete combustion is where a substance (commonly alcohol or hydrocarbons) are burnt in a plentiful supply of air.
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Combustion Reaction
Combustion reaction is where a substance reacts with oxygen when it is burned in air.
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Compound
A compound is a substance made of 2 or more DIFFERENT elements chemicals bonded together.
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Covalent bonding
Covalent bonding is where non-metals combine with other non-metals and the atoms share pair(s) of electrons to form a molecule. The atoms are held together by the shared electron(s) which completes their outer shells. This makes them very stable.
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Composition (of a mixture)
Composition of a mixture is the distribution of individual substances in a mixture.
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Crystallisation
Crystallisation is a way of separating a soluble solid from a liquid. It is done by heating until the liquid evaporates of leaving crystals. AMZ PLEASE CHECK COS I CANT FIND MY DEFINITION.
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Condensing
Condensing is the process of a gas turning into a liquid.
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Decanting
Decanting is the method of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid(eg. Sand from water).
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Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, with the particles moving down a concentration gradient.
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Delocalised electrons
Delocalised electrons are electrons that don’t belong to any particular atom. This means they are able to move through a structure. These are in metals and metallic bonding.
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Displayed Formula
Displayed formula is a structural formula that is drawn out. It shows how the atoms can be arranged in a 3D space.
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Electrons
Electrons have hardly any mass and are negatively charged. They are a subatomic particle and are found in the orbitals. They have a relative mass of 1/1840 and have a relative charge of -1.
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Diatomic molecule
A diatomic molecule is a molecule that contains 2 atoms that re chemically bonded. Eg. O2 but NOT CO
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Empirical Formula
Empirical formula is a formula that give the proportions of the elements present in a compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms. Eg. Octane= C4H9
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Evaporation
Evaporation is the process of a liquid turning into a gas.
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Dot and cross diagram
A dot and cross diagram displays the electron arrangement and how they would be in their shells.
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Element
An element is one type of atom, which can be chemically bonded together, but often isn’t.
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Electrostatic attraction
Electrostatic attraction is the electrostatic force caused by electrons that have transferred from one atom to another and then are held together by this????? PLEASE CHECK AMZ
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Exothermic
An exothermic reaction is a reaction tat overall gives out heat.
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Filtration
Filtration is a way of separating an insoluble solid from a liquid (eg. Sand from water)
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Electron Arrangement
Electron arrangement is how electrons are distributed in the atom or molecule in the shells. (Also called electron configuration)
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Freezing
Freezing is the process of a liquid turning into a solid.
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Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is the process of separating a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. You heat the mixture up, and in order from lowest to highest boiling point, they will evaporate, and then go into the condenser, and turn back into a liquid and can be collected.
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Functional Group
A functional group is a group of atoms that determine how a o pound typically reacts.
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Fraction
Fractions are the different sections of substance that you end up with after fractional distillation.
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Galvanising
Galvanising is the coating of zinc to iron or steel to prevent rusting.
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Gas
A gas is a state of matter. Gases expand freely to fill the whole container, have no fixed shape, and no fixed volume.
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General Formula
A general formula is an algebraic formula that sets out a rule which is followed by all members of the homologous series. Eg. Alkanes= CnH2n+2
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Homologous Series
Homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
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Impure substance
Impure substances are substances that are made of 2 or more types of element or compound that are not chemically bonded together. You can test this by checking whether they boil over a range of temperatures.
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Incomplete combustion
Incomplete combustion is where a substance (commonly hydrocarbons or alcohols) is burnt in a poor supply of oxygen.
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Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is a compound made of hydrogen and carbon ONLY.
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Isotope
An isotope is an atom (or molecule) that has the same amount of protons and electrons, but a different amount of neutrons. This means its charge stays the same but its mass changes.
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Liquid
A liquid is a state of matter that flows freely (can be poured), takes the shape of its container but doesn’t necessarily fill it, has a constant volume and no fixed shape.
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Melting
Melting is the state change for a solid to turn into a liquid.
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Ions
Ions are atoms (or molecules) that have the same number of protons and neutrons but a different amount of electrons. This means it has the same mass but a different charge.
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LIP GIN
It is for remembering the charges of ions:
Loss Gain
Is Is
Positive Negative
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Isomer
An isomer is a compound with the same molecular formula but a different displayed formula. They have the same number of each atom but may have different physical and chemical properties.
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Mixture
A mixture contains different substances that AREN’T chemically bonded together.
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Molecule
A molecule is a group of 2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds. (It can be the same OR different element, so compounds are also molecules).
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Ionic bonding
Ionic bonding is where a metal and a non-metal react together, the metal atom loses electrons to form a positive ion and the non-metal gains electrons to become a negative ion. The oppositely charged electrons are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic attractions.
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Neutrons
Neutrons are a subatomic particles, that have a mass of 1, a relative charge of 0, and are found in the nucleus.
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Orbitals/Shells
Orbitals/shells are where the electrons are found, and are around the nucleus. The first shell has a maximum of 2 electrons, second shell has a maximum of 8, and the third shell has a maximum of 8.
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Metal
A metal is a solid (mostly, except mercury) material, which is typically (not always) hard, shiny, malleable, ductile, electricity conductor, thermal conductor.
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Melting point
A melting point is the temperature/reagent of temperatures that the state change from a solid to a liquid happens.
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Protons
Protons are a subatomic particle that are found in the nucleus. They have a relative atomic mass of 1, and a relative charge of 1.
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Pure substance
A pure substance is a substance that contains one type of element or one type of compound. You can check by if they boil at one specific temperature (eg. Water 100°c)
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Metallic Bonding
Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and the “sea” of delocalised electrons.
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Molecular Formula
Molecular formula is a chemical formula for a compound that gives the total number of atoms of every element in the molecule. Eg water = H2O
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Metallic lattice
A metallic lattice is the arrangement of ions surrounded by the delocalised electrons. (It is the shape basically.)
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Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
Relative atomic mass is how heavy isotopes are compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. A carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12. It is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element. It is worked out by:
Mass of isotope(s)
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Sum of relative abundances
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Noble gas configuration
Noble gas configuration is how atoms lose or gain electrons to complete their outer shell, like Nobel gases.
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Relative Charge
Relative charge is the charge of a particle in comparison to a proton(+1)
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Oxidation
Oxidation is a type of reaction where a substance gains oxygen, eg. Combustion.
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Oxidising Agent
Oxidising agent is a substance that oxidises something by electron gain or loss.
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Saturated
Saturated means a substance that’s atoms are naked by single bonds.
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Relative Mass
Relative mass is the same as relative atomic mass (Ar):
Relative atomic mass is how heavy isotopes are compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom. A carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12. It is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element. It is worked out by:
Mass of isotope(s)
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Sum of relative abundances
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Reactivity
Reactivity is the tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction.
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Reducing Agent
A reducing agent is an element/compound that loses an electron to an electron recipient(oxidising agent) in a chemical reaction.
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Reduction
Reduction means the gaining of electrons in a chemical reaction. It refers to the element that accepts the electrons.
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Redox
Redox means an oxidation reduction in a chemical reaction where an atom, molecule or ion, gains or loses electrons.
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Rf value
Rf value is the ratio between the distance travelled by the solute, and the distanced travelled by the solvent in chromatography:
Distance travelled by solute
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Distance travelled by solvent
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Rusting
Rusting means the oxidising of iron. Iron reacts with water and oxygen to form hydrated iron(III) oxide (rust).
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Solid
A solid is a state of matter that has a definite shape (lattice), definite volume, can’t be poured, the particles in the solid cannot move about, but vibrate, and the particles have strong forces of attraction between them.
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Sacrificial protection
Sacrificial protection is putting a more reactive metal on iron. The water and oxygen then react with the sacrificial metal rather than the iron. Zinc is often used for this.
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Sublimation
Sublimation is the process of a solid turning into a gas or a gas turning into a solid without going into a liquid.
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Sub-atomic Particle
A subatomic particle is a unit of matter that makes up an atom. They are protons, neutrons and electrons.
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Solubility
Solubility is the ability for a solute to dissolve into a solvent. It is measured in the maximum amount of solute that can go into a specific amount of solvent, until it is saturated.
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Saturated
A saturated substance is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute per specific amount of solvent.
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Solute
A solute is the substance that gets dissolved by the solvent.
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Solution
A solution is formed when a solute dissolves into a solvent.
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Simple distillation
Simple distillation is a method of separating a solvent from a solution.
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Substitution Reaction
A substitution reaction is where a halogen and an alkane react. They are called substitution reactions because atoms are swapped. They need UV (ultra violet) light to react.
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Solvent
A solvent is the substance that does the dissolving.
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Stick diagram
A stick diagram is a way of displaying how atoms are arranged in a molecule using sticks/lines.
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Structural Formula
Structural formula is chemical formula for a compound which shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. Eg. Propane = CH3CH2CH3
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Unsaturated
Unsaturated means that a molecule that has double/triple/ring bonds in it meaning that it can easily react.
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Viscosity
Viscosity is how runny/ thick a substance is.
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Anion
An anion is an ion that has a negative charge(gained electron(s)).
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Anode
An anode is a positive electrode during electrolysis.
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Anomalous result
An anomalous result is a result that doesn’t fit the pattern of the other results.
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Aqueous
Aqueous means an aqueous solution. This is where a substance dissolves in water.
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Array
An array is a collection of items?
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Ash
Ash/ soot is the powdery substance left after burning something.
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Atom
An atom is the simplest particle of an element. They make up everything. They are made of 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
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Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction, without itself ring chemical changed or used up. catalysts work by decreasing the activation energy needed for a reaction to happen.
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Atomic number
The atomic number tells you how many protons there are. This determines the element. It also tells you the number of electrons.
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Alkali
An alkali is a soluble base. It is a source of hydroxide ions (OH-) and have a pH greater than 7.
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Base
A base is a substance that can neutralise acids. They are proton acceptors. Alkalis are a type of base (soluble).
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Relative abundance
Relative abundance is the ratio/fraction/percentage of each isotope there is compared to the total amount of the element in the world.
