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all safety Flashcards

1
Q

Bohr model

A

Rule 1 -the max per shell is equal to 2n(to the p of 2)
n=shell
shell k = 1, l =2, m = 3
Rule 2 2 - valence shell can not hold more than 8 (octet rule)

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2
Q

the outer shell of electron

A

holds valence e

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3
Q

“Z”

A

equals atomic #

which means same number of protons and electrons

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4
Q

mA and quantum mottle are directly or indirectly related

A

directly

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5
Q

At which dose range does gastrointestinal syndrome peak fr excessive exposure

A

greater than 10Gy

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6
Q

compton scatter

A

produced fr high kv

produces scatter, fog, and hazard to personnel only

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7
Q

dose equivalent occupational exposed rate for hands and skin

A

500mSv

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8
Q

mA current changes the amplitude and height of xray emission curve

A

not the average energy of the xray emission curve

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9
Q

photoelectrons

A

photoelectric ionization

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10
Q

recoil electrons

A

compton ionization

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11
Q

65-80% water molecules

A

in human body

that endup radiolysis

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12
Q

theroy target

A

DNA is the most sensitive molecuor

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13
Q

single chemical bonds

A

are disruptions causing point lesions

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14
Q

photoelectric

A

characteristic radiation

low energy

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15
Q

which personal monitor utilize chambers filled with charged air to monitor dose received

A

pocket dosimeters

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16
Q

shadow shield

A

Shadow shields are shielding that attach to the collimator box to help protect patients from unnecessary radiation exposure (1). They work by limiting the x-ray beam, and the area they cover can be adjusted and determined by the shadow they cast in the light field (3). They are, however, less effective than contact shields (2)

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17
Q

to increase pt dose the most would it be increased KVP or decreased distance

A

Decreased SID

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18
Q

bone atomic #

A

13.8

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19
Q

fat atomic #

A

6.3

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20
Q

calcium atomic #

A

20

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21
Q

soft tissue

A

7.4

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22
Q

medical and dental xr make what % of manmade radiation

A

90%

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23
Q

a sentinel event

A

A skin dose of 15 Gy

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24
Q

characteristic radiation “characteristic of the kshell”

A

ejects k shell

high speed electron

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25
Q

10mSv x age

A

cumulative occupational effective dose

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26
Q

The approximate intensity (quantity) of scattered radiation at 1 m from the patient is 0.1% of the entrance dose

A

Therefore, if the entrance dose for this image is 1200 mGy, the intensity of radiation at 1 m from the patient is 0.1% of that,
or 1.20 mGy (0.001 × 1200 = 1.20)

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27
Q

stochastic

A

Increasing that dose will increase the likelihood of the occurrence, but will not affect its severity

28
Q

linear nonthreshold

A

Late or long-term effects of radiation exposure

which are carcinogenesis and genetic effects, are “all-or-nothing” effects

29
Q

Radiation-induced cancer, leukemia, and genetic effects follow a linear nonthreshold dose–response relationship.

A

dose response curves

30
Q

threshold curve, but this curve is nonlinear. It illustrates that once the minimum dose is received, a response occurs slowly initially and then increases sharply as exposure increases. This threshold, nonlinear (sigmoid) dose–response curve, illustrates the effect to skin from exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation.

A

radiation induced skin erythema

31
Q

dual x-ray absorptiometry DXA

A
  1. It is a low-dose procedure.
    1. Two x-ray photon energies are used.
    2. Photon attenuation by bone is calculated.
  2. radiation dose is NOT considerable
32
Q

mobile fluoroscopic equipment

A

must provide at least 30 cm source-to-tabletop/skin distance/ or 12 inches

33
Q

Stationary fluoroscopic equipment

A

must provide at least 38 cm source-to-tabletop/skin distance/

34
Q

amplitude of the wave

A

equals height of the wave

35
Q

what factors effect amplitude of wave

A

Factors that affect the amplitude include tube current (mA), exposure time, and added filtration.
why exp time bc the more time the more quantity of photons are recvd

36
Q

5Gy to the ovaries can cause temp or perm sterality

A

perm

37
Q

anerobic

A

absence of oxygen

38
Q

The exposure rate in a controlled area must not exceed

A

100 mR/week

39
Q

An uncontrolled area is one occupied by the general population; the exposure rate there must not exceed

A

10 mR/week.

40
Q

The sigmoidal dose–response curve has a threshold and is thought to be generally correct for most

A

somatic effects.

41
Q

Genetic effects of radiation and some somatic effects, like leukemia, are plotted on a linear dose–response curve. The linear dose–response curve has no threshold, that is, there is no dose below which radiation is absolutely safe

A

genetic and some somatic effects

42
Q

Effective dose

A

wholebody dose

43
Q

ESE dose (exposure skin entrance)

A

is larger than wholebody dose

44
Q

Alpha and beta radiation are

A

particulate radiations;

45
Q

alpha is composed of

A

two protons and two neutrons

46
Q

beta is identical

A

to an electron.

47
Q

XR and gamma are

A

electromagnetic

with wavelike flucations

48
Q

rules of electrostatics

A

The electrostatic force is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

49
Q

safest time for female to have abdominal XR or HSG

A

The first 10 days following the onset of menstruation

50
Q

genetic and leukima

A

are linear nonthreshold

51
Q

somatic effects suchas; erthyma, epilation, hematologic, radiaiton lethality

A

sigmoidal; nonlinear, threshold

52
Q

Collimation is described in inverse relation to FOV size. As collimation increases, FOV decreases, and less patient tissue is exposed to radiation, reducing dose

A

Increase collimation to reduce dose

53
Q

Thyroid collar shields, worn in front of the anterior of the neck, require a lead (Pb) equivalent of

A

0.5 mm of shielding

54
Q

Whole-body dose is calculated to include all the especially radiosensitive organs.

A

The gonads, the lens of the eye, and the blood-forming organs are particularly radiosensitive

55
Q

At 75 kVp, a 0.25 mm apron attenuates 66% of the x-rays, while a 1.0 mm apron will attenuate 99%.

A

This results in a 33% change between the two aprons

56
Q

Dose area product (DAP) is an expression of

A

x-ray exposure in air based on a specific area

57
Q

primary beams path

A

window, oil, housing port, al plate, collimator mirrors

58
Q

Stochastic effects are usually late effects,

A

and the magnitude of the dose is related to the probability of the effect, not it’s severity

59
Q

pocket dosimeters use

A

ionization chambers that fill with air

60
Q

TLDs

A

use lithium fluoride crystals.

and give off light

61
Q

OSLs

A

use aluminum oxide crystals

and subject to laser

62
Q

immature

A

undifferentiated or stem

63
Q

PA chest has how much ESE dose

A

0.1 mGy

64
Q

Anatomical compression such as that used in mammography reduces tissue thickness.

A

Therefore, fewer x-ray photons are absorbed resulting in a smaller dose.

65
Q

The benefits of shadow gonad shields include

A
  1. Useful during surgery due to easier manipulation around sterile field

XR (10 decks)

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