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Pharm 1 > All of the drugs in random order! > Flashcards

All of the drugs in random order! Flashcards

1
Q

Thiazide diuretics SE and other effects

A

Other effects:

  • Cause direct vasodilation
  • Often initial drugs for hypertension
  • Decrease Ca excretion

Side effects:

  • Hypokalemia
    • Lose K due to Na-K exchanger
  • Increase in serum LDL and triglycerides (atherosclerosis)
  • Decrease uric acid secretion→gout
  • Inhibit insulin secretion
  • Contain sulfur ions-may cause allergens
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1
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

“-ipine”s

Inhibit Ca influx into vascular smooth m

Prevent vasoconstriction

SE:

  • Heartburn
  • May worsen heart failure
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2
Q

atracurium

A

Antinicotinic agent

non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers

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2
Q

Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule

A

Triamterene

Amiloride

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2
Q

Ethanol as a diuretic

A

Mech: decrease release of ADH

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3
Q

Ethacrynic acid

A

High ceiling diuretics

Orally or parenterally

Mech of action:

Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle

More efficacious than thiazides

Clinical use:

Pts who dont respond to thiazides
Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral)
Compromised renal fxn

Side effects:

Dehydration
Hypokalemia

—Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics

Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia
Decreased uric acid excretion→gout
Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents

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4
Q

Nicotine

A

Direct nicotinic agonist

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4
Q

Endothelin blockers

A

“-entan”s

Tx of pulmonary arterial hypertension

SE:

  • Fetal damage
  • Testicular atrophy
  • Hepatic toxicity
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5
Q

Aldosterone antagonists clinical use

A
  1. Used w/ other diuretics to prevent K loss
  2. To treat excess aldosterone production
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6
Q

Agents that activate beta1 receptors

A

NE

Dobutamine

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6
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anydrase inhibitors (enzyme inhibitor)

Inhibits HCO3- resorption in PCT

Short term effect

Not used primarily as diuretic

Other uses:

  • Treats open angle glaucoma
  • Mountain sickness (by lowering CSF volume)
  • Epilepsy
    • May be due to pH in CNS
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7
Q

Cimetidine pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on cell membrane receptors

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8
Q

Rocuronium

A

Antinicotinic agent

non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers

Most common one

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9
Q

Spironolactone

A

K sparing diuretic

Aldosterone antagonist

Mech:

Blocks aldosterone receptor

Aldosterone is responsible for synth of Na-K exchanger

Takes days to be effective

Clinical use

Used w/ other diuretics to prevent K loss
To treat excess aldosterone production

SE

hyperkalemia
Spironolactone is a steroid and can have anti-androgenic effect (breast growth,etc)
Eplerenone-fewer interactions w/ steroid receptors

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10
Q

Aldosterone antagonists

A

K sparing diuretics

Spironolactone

Eplerenone

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11
Q

Varenicline

A

Direct partial nicotinic agonist

Binds to receptor but does not fully activate it. Thus prevents others from binding.

Anti-smoking drug b/c binds but does not have effects of nicotine

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11
Q

Non specific B1 and B2 blockers

A

Propanolol

Timolol

Levobunolol

Certeolol

Metipranolol

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11
Q

Imitinib pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

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11
Q

Infliximab pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

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12
Q

Procaine pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on ion channels

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12
Q

Propranolol pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on cell membrane receptors

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13
Q

Sarin

A

Nerve gas-direct cholinergic agonist

Irreversible AChE inhibitors

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14
Q

Scopolamine

A

Antimuscarinic agent

Blocks muscarinic receptor

Lasts 3-7 days

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14
Q

Sugammadex

A

Reverses block by rocuronium by binding directly

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16
Q

Cyclopentolate

A

Antimuscarinic agent

Blocks muscarinic receptor

Used to dilate pupils

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17
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic

Not metabolized

Given IV

Mech: Draws H20 into tuble and is excreted w/ H20

Clinical use: Used to maintain renal flow after renal damage

Decreases intracranial pressure

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17
Q

Omeprazole pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on transport systems

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18
Q

Aldosterone antagonists mech

A

Blocks aldosterone receptor

Aldosterone is responsible for synth of Na-K exchanger

Takes days to be effective

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20
Q

Atropine

A

Antimuscarinic agent

Blocks muscarinic receptor

Lasts 7-10 days

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21
Q

Demecarium

A

Indirect cholinergic agonist

Lasts for several hours

Inhibit AChE

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21
Q

What induces the release of NE from nerve terminals?

A

Indirect acting amines:

Amphetamine, methamphetamine

Tyramine

Phenylpropanolamine

Pseudoephedrine

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22
Q

Prazosin pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on cell membrane receptors

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24
Q

Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)

A

Adrenergic agonist

Activates alpha1 receptors

Tx: congestion

Taken intranasally

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24
Q

Aliskiren

A

Renin inhibitor

SE:

  • Fetal damage
  • Diarrhea
  • Cough
  • Angioedema
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26
Q

Physostigmine

A

Indirect cholinergic agonist

Lasts for several hours

Inhibit AChE

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27
Q

Clonidine

A

Adrenergic agonist

Activates alpha2 receptors

Decrease symp outflow from CNS

Tx: hypertension

Other analogs used for glaucoma (Decrease pressure)

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27
Q

Propranolol

A

Tx of hypertension

Nonselective Beta blocker

Central and peripheral effects

Mech:

  • Blocks B1 receptors on heart, prevents rise in HR
  • Decreases renin secretion
    • Renin converts Angiotensinogen→A1

SE:

  • Into CNS→Depression
  • Bradycardia→fatigue
  • Impotence
  • Lowers HDL, raises triglycerides
  • Exacerbates asthma
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28
Q

Agents that activate B2 receptors

A

“Nols and rols”

Metaproterenol

Terbutaline

Fenoterol

Albuterol

Tx: asthma

Causes bronchodilation

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29
Q

“Osin”s

A

Alpha 1 blockers

Blocks alpha 1 receptor on vascular smooth m

Tx of hypertension and some specifically treat BPH

Based on the drugs he gave us:

**If it ends in -azosin its for hypertension**

**If it ends in just -osin its used for BPH**

SE

  • First dose effect-rapid drop in BP→orthostatic (postural) hypotension
    • Do not confuse w/ first pass effect
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31
Q

Edrophonium

A

Indirect cholinergic agonist

Doesn’t last very long

Inhibit AChE

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31
Q

Tropicamide

A

Antimuscarinic agent

Blocks muscarinic receptor

Used to dilate pupils

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32
Q

Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule mech

A

K sparing diuretic

Prevent Na from getting into the exchanger by blocking Na ion channel

-Effects more rapid and predictable than spironolactone

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32
Q

Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule SE

A

Hyperkalemia

32
Q

alpha-methyl tyrosine

A

Tx of pheochromocytoma

Central and peripheral effects

Inhibits tyrosine kinase–preventing synthesis NE and epi

34
Q

Thiazide diuretics mechanism

A

Inhibits Na+ transport out of the DCT. H20 follows and both are excreted

High TI
works w/in 2 hours

34
Q

Furosemide

A

High ceiling diuretics

Orally or parenterally

Mech of action:

Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle

More efficacious than thiazides

Clinical use:

Pts who dont respond to thiazides
Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral)
Compromised renal fxn

Side effects:

Dehydration
Hypokalemia

—Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics

Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia
Decreased uric acid excretion→gout
Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents

35
Q

Diazoxide

A

Acts directly on smooth muscle

Opens K channels→hyperpolarization

Inhibits insulin release from B cells in pancreas

37
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Adrenergic antagonist

alpha1 receptor blocker

Tx: hypertension

38
Q

Aspirin pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

39
Q

Fluoxetine pharmacodynamics

A

Acts on transport systems

40
Q

More selective B blockers

A

Metoprolol

Acebutolol

Atenolol

Betaxolol

Nebivolol

SE:

  • Fewer CNS effects
  • Bradycardia
  • Fatigue w/ exercise
41
Q

(Hydro)Chlorothiazide

A

Inhibits Na+ transport out of the DCT. H20 follows and both are excreted

High TI
works w/in 2 hours

Other effects:

Cause direct vasodilation
Often initial drugs for hypertension
Decrease Ca excretion

Side effects:

  • Hypokalemia
    • Lose K due to Na-K exchanger
  • Increase in serum LDL and triglycerides (atherosclerosis)
  • Decrease uric acid secretion→gout
  • Inhibit insulin secretion
  • Contain sulfur ions-may cause allergens
42
Q

Amiloride

A

K sparing diuretic

Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule

Mech:

Prevent Na from getting into the exchanger by blocking Na ion channel

-Effects more rapid and predictable than spironolactone

SE:

Hyperkalemia

42
Q

Hydralazine

A

Act directly on smooth muscle

Arterial vasodilator

Increase in cGMP→relaxes smooth m

SE:

  • Slow acetylators→lupus like syndrome
44
Q

High ceiling diuretics

A

Furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, torsemide

  • Orally or parenterally
46
Q

Bethanechol

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

47
Q

High Ceiling diuretics SE

A
  • Dehydration
  • Hypokalemia
    • Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics
  • Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia
  • Decreased uric acid excretion→gout
  • Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents
48
Q

Minoxidil

A

Acts directly on smooth muscle

Prodrug

Opens K channels in arterial smooth m, increased efflux→hyperpolarization

Very refractory px

SE:

  • Hypertrichosis-hair growth
    • Rogaine
    • Discontinuation→hair loss
    • Edema and pericardial effusion→cardiac tamponade
      • Fluid in sac around heart
50
Q

Neostigmine

A

Indirect cholinergic agonist

Lasts for several hours

Inhibit AChE

51
Q

Fenoldopam

A

Activate D1 receptors

Given IV for HT emergencies

53
Q

Pralidoxime

A

If given early can reduce any perm. damage caused by organophosphate AChE inhibitors

54
Q

Morphine pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on cell membrane receptors

55
Q

Nifedipine pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on ion channels

56
Q

How do anticancer drugs work?

A

Binds non-specifically to large molecules

57
Q

Combined alpha and beta blockers

A

Block alpha1, beta1, and beta2

Labetalol

Carvedilol

SE:

  • Postural hypotension
  • Dry mouth
58
Q

Specific B1 receptor blockers

A

“olol”s

Metoprolol

Acebutolol

Alprenolol

Atenolol

Esmolol

Betaxolol

Nebivolol

These decrease HR

58
Q

Minoxidil pharmacodynamics

A

Agents that act on ion channels

59
Q

Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers that are antinicotinic agents are derived from?

A

curare

60
Q

Nitroprusside

A

Acts directly on smooth muscle

Drug of choice in hypertensive emergencies

Acts w/in seconds–given IV

Dilates art and veins→drop in BP

increases cGMP→relaxation

Rapidly degrades in soln into cyanide

62
Q

Eplerenone

A

K sparing diuretic

Aldosterone antagonist

_Mech: _

Blocks aldosterone receptor

Aldosterone is responsible for synth of Na-K exchanger

Takes days to be effective

Clinical use

Used w/ other diuretics to prevent K loss
To treat excess aldosterone production

SE

hyperkalemia
Spironolactone is a steroid and can have anti-androgenic effect (breast growth,etc)
Eplerenone-fewer interactions w/ steroid receptors

63
Q

Bumetanide

A

High ceiling diuretics

Orally or parenterally

Mech of action:

Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle

More efficacious than thiazides

Clinical use:

Pts who dont respond to thiazides
Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral)
Compromised renal fxn

Side effects:

Dehydration
Hypokalemia

—Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics

Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia
Decreased uric acid excretion→gout
Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents

64
Q

Naphazoline

A

Adrenergic agonist

Activates alpha1 receptors

Tx: congestion

Taken intranasally

66
Q

alpha-methyl NE

A

Adrenergic agonist

Activates alpha2 receptors

Decrease symp outflow from CNS

Tx: hypertension

Other analogs used for glaucoma (Decrease pressure)

67
Q

Malathion

A

Insecticide-cholinergic agonist

Irreversible AChE inhibitors

69
Q

Torsemide

A

High ceiling diuretics

Orally or parenterally

Mech of action:

Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle

More efficacious than thiazides

Clinical use:

Pts who dont respond to thiazides
Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral)
Compromised renal fxn

Side effects:

Dehydration
Hypokalemia

—Used w/ K supplements or K sparing diuretics

Increased Ca excretion→Hypocalcemia
Decreased uric acid excretion→gout
Auditory nerve damage esp. if used w/ other ototoxic agents

70
Q

Tranylcypromine pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

72
Q

Tacrine

A

Indirect cholinergic agonist

Alzheimer’s tx

73
Q

High Ceiling diuretics clinical use

A
  • Pts who dont respond to thiazides
  • Life threatening edema (pulmonary or cerebral)
  • Compromised renal fxn
74
Q

Cocaine pharmacodynamics

A

Acts on transport systems

75
Q

Clonidine

A

Central alpha-2 agonist

SE:

Depression

Drowsiness

Dry mouth

Impaired Ejac.

Unlabeled uses:

  • Fibromyalgia-unspecified neuronal pain
  • Insomnia
  • Tourettes
  • Opiate withdrawal
76
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Direct nicotinic agonist

Antinicotinic agent-Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

Long duration of action compared to acetylcholine

Initially activates receptor, eventually muscle hyperpolarization then paralysis

78
Q

High Ceiling diuretics mechanism

A

Mech of action:

  • Inhibit Na and Cl resorbtion from Asc. loop of Henle

More efficacious than thiazides

79
Q

Echothiophate

A

Indirect cholinergic agonist

Lasts for 100s hours

Phosphorylates AChE

80
Q

Reserpine

A

Tx of HT

Central and peripheral effects/effector of post-ganglionic neuron

Causes depletion of post ganglionic neuron nt (NE)→ No vasoconstriction

SE: depression, drowsiness, diarrhea

81
Q

Insulin

A

Agents that act on cell membrane receptors

83
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Adrenergic agonist

Activates alpha1 receptors

Tx: congestion

Taken intranasally

85
Q

Homatropine

A

Antimuscarinic agent

Blocks muscarinic receptor

Used to dilate pupils

86
Q

Pancuronium

A

Antinicotinic agent

non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers

87
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

“-pril”s

ACE responsible for A1→A2

ACE responsible for bradykinin breakdown

Leads to decreased aldosterone secretion

SE:

  • Rash
  • Dry cough that cant be treated with suppressants
  • Angioneurotic edema-swelling of nose, throat, resp tract
  • Taste alteration
  • Fetal damage
88
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A

Chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide

90
Q

Triamterene

A

K sparing diuretic

Inhibitors of Na transport in DCT and collecting tubule

Mech:

Prevent Na from getting into the exchanger by blocking Na ion channel

-Effects more rapid and predictable than spironolactone

SE:

Hyperkalemia

90
Q

Alpha-methyl DOPA

A

Central alpha-2 agonist

Prodrug: metabolized to alpha-methyl NE

SE:

Depression

Drowsiness

Dry mouth

Impaired Ejac.

Hepatic dysfunction

91
Q

Angiotensin receptor blockers

A

“-Artan”s

SE:

  • Decrease secretion of aldosterone
  • Fetal abnormalities
    • All agents that alter angiotensin system
    • Pregnancy risk X
92
Q

Prazosin

A

Adrenergic antagonist

alpha1 receptor blocker

Tx: hypertension

93
Q

Donepezil

A

Indirect cholinergic agonist

Alzheimer’s tx

94
Q

Heparin pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

95
Q

Epinephrine

A

Works on all adrenergic receptors

Causes increased HR, etc. etc.

97
Q

Nitroglycerin pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

98
Q

Aldosterone antagonists SE

A
  • hyperkalemia
  • Spironolactone is a steroid and can have anti-androgenic effect (breast growth,etc)
  • Eplerenone-fewer interactions w/ steroid receptors
100
Q

Muscarine

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

101
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

102
Q

Methotrexate pharmacodynamics

A

Act on specific enzymes

103
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Caffeine

increase glomerular filtration rate

104
Q

Ipratropium

A

Antimuscarinic agent

Blocks muscarinic receptor

105
Q

How does ethanol work?

A

Binds non-specifically to large molecules

Protein denaturance

Pharm 1 (8 decks)

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