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All Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

1.What are ACEi/what are they used for?
2.MoA:
3.Examples:
4.Adverse effects:
5.Contraindications:
6.Drug-drug interactions:

A
  1. ACE inhibitors used as antihypertensives
  2. Inhibits ACE which converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II reducing vasodilation, aldosterone release and reducing ADH release
  3. Ramipril
    Lisonopril
  4. ADRs:
    Dry cough due to build of bradykinin since bradykinin is a substrate of ACE
    Hyperkalaemia
    Worsen renal failure
    Angioedema
  5. Contra:
    Renal artery stenosis
    AKI
    Pregnancy
    CKD
    Angioedma
  6. DDI:
    Potassium sparing drugs
    NSAIDS
    Antihypertensives
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2
Q
  1. What are ARBs/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Angiotensin (II) receptor blockers used for hypertension
  2. Block AT1 mainly (AT2) receptors preventing the production of aldosterone production
  3. Losartan
    Candesartan
  4. ARD:
    Hypotension
    Hyperkalaemia
    Worsen renal failure
  5. Contra:
    Renal artery stenosis
    AKI
    Pregnancy
    CKD
  6. DDI:
    K+ sparing drug
    NSAIDs
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3
Q
  1. What are Dihydropyridines/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Calcium channel blockers that are selective for peripheral vasculature
    2.). Block calcium channels preventing Ca2+ influx into cells preventing contraction of smooth muscle
    3.) amlodipine, nimodipine (selective for cerbreal vasculature so given in subarachnoid haemorrrhage)
    4.) ankle swelling, flushing, headaches (vasodilation), palpitations
    5.) unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis, cardio genic shock
    6.) amlodipine and simvastatin together increases effect of statin
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4
Q
  1. What are Phenylalkyllamines (Non-dihydropyridines)/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Class IV antiarrythtmic agent since its a type of Calcium CHannel blocker which prolongs the action potential and effective refractory period
    Used for arrhythmia and angina, hypertension
  2. Targets mainly the heart so negative chronotropy and inotropy since reduces CA2+ influx into heart
  3. Verapamil
  4. Constipation, bradycardia, Hearst block an cardiac failure
  5. Poor LV function, AVN conduction delay
  6. B blockers and caution with other anti hypertensives and antiarrythmic pus
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5
Q
  1. What are Thiazides/thiazide like diuretics /what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A

Diuretics used when oedema, hypertension

Blocks Na+/Cl- Cotransporter at DCT causing in creased osmolarity in the filtrate so more water and sodium is lost in the urine

3.) indapamide, bendroflumethiazide

  1. Hypokalemia, hyponatraemia, hyperuricemia, arrhythmia, inc glucose, cholesterol and TG
  2. Hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, gout
  3. NSAIDs, K+ losing drugs like loop diuretics
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6
Q
  1. What are aldosterone receptor antagonists/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Type of diuretic/antihypertenisve, used when other hypertensive drugs haven’t worked
    2.) blocks the aldosterone receptors so the action for aldosterone is not experienced (ENAC not upregulated so Na= stays in filtrate and K+ stays in the body at kidneys)
  2. Spironolactone
  3. Hyperkalaemia, gynaecomastia
    5.hyper kalaemia,addisons disease
  4. K+. Sparring drugs, pregnancy
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7
Q
  1. What are B-blockers/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A

1.). Reduce cardiac output so good for HF, hypertension
2. Decrease sympathetic tone by blocking Noradrenaline binding to B receptors and reduces myocardial contraction strength and speed

  1. Bisoprolol, propranolol, Alberta lol, metoprolol
  2. Bronchospasm, heart block, Raynauds, lethargy, impotence, masks tachycardia which is a sign of insulin induced hypoglycaemia
  3. Asthma, COPD, haemodynamic instability, hepatic failure
  4. Non dihydropyridine CCBs like verapamil and diltiazem cause asystole
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8
Q
  1. What are alpha blockers/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Selective antagonism of a1 adrenoceptors that reduce peripheral vascular resistance , helps treat BPH

2.) selectively binds to alpha 1 adrenoceptors preventing Noradrenaline binding so vessels dont vasoconstriction

3.) doxazosin, tamsulosin (BPH)
4. Postural hypotension, dizziness, syncope, headache and fatigue
5 postural hypotension
6. Patients on dihydropyriridne CCB since will increase oedema

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9
Q
  1. What are loop diuretics/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:,
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Type of diuretic used in pulmonary oedema, fluid overload in HF, nephrotic syndrome
  2. Inhibits NKCC channel ini LoH so increased osmolarity in the filtrate so more water excreted, also direct dilation of capacitance veins reducing preload
  3. Furosemide, bumetanide
  4. Dehydration, hypotension, hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hyperuricaemia , tinnitus = Ototoxic, inc cholesterol and TG
  5. Hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, gout, hepatic encephalopathy
  6. Aminoglycosides like gentamicin, digoxin and lithium since all Ototoxic
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10
Q
  1. What is the K+ sparing drug directly blocks ENAC/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:,
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Amiloride
  2. Blocks ENAC in the DCT reducing Na+ reabsorption and consequently K+ excretion (ROMK)
  3. Amiloride
  4. Hyperkalaemia, potential arrhythmia
  5. Addisons disease, Anuria, Hyperkalaemia
  6. Other K+ sparring drugs, ACEi and ARBs
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11
Q
  1. What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:,
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Type of diuretic acting in the PCT
  2. Blocks Carbonic anhydrase so less carbonic acid in cell, less H+ in cell, so less action of the Na+/H+ exchanger so more Na+ stays in filtrate increasing filtrate osmolarity
  3. Acetazolamide
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12
Q
  1. What are osmotic agents/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:,
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Diuretic, also given with raised intracranial pressure
    2.) stays in the PCT increasing its osmolarity so more water is drawn out
  2. MANNITOL
  3. Hyponatraemia (loss of just water is reason)
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13
Q
  1. What are SGLT2 inhibitors/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:,
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Act in the PCT do help as a diuretic
    2.) reduces glucose and Na+ resorption and increases osmolarity of urine in doing so
  2. Dapagliflozin
  3. Hypotension, weight loss, hypoglycaemia
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14
Q
  1. What are ADH antagonists/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:,
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Diuretics
    2.) block the action of ADH so aquaporins are not translocated into the collecting duct
  2. Tolvaptan, Lithium
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15
Q

How does alcohol act as a diuretic?

A

Inhibits ADH release

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16
Q

How does caffeine act as a diuretic?

A

Inc GFR and dec tubular Na+ reabsorption since it inhibits vasoconstriction of the afferent Arterioles

17
Q

What is Sacubitril/Valsartan?

A

Sacubitril = neprilysin inhibitor
It inhibits the natriuretic inactivating enzyme so ANP has an increased affect so lots of Na+ lost in urine

Valsartan = Angiotensin receptor blocker

18
Q
  1. What are statins/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. HMG-CoA REDUCTASE inhibitors used to in primary hypercholesterolaemia
  2. Inhibits the rate controlling enzyme in the mevalonate pathway which leads to production of cholesterol which stops conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonate
  3. Atorvastatin, simvastatin and rosuvastatin
  4. Diffuse MUSCLE PAIN, GI disruption, nausea and headache, rare = rhabdomyolysis, inc liver enzymes
  5. Renal or hepatic impairmen, PREGNANCY and BRREASTFEEDING
  6. Amlodipine inc plasma statin conc, (CYP3A4 amiodarone, diltiazem and macrolides also inc plasma conc of statin
19
Q
  1. What are Fibrates/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A
  1. Fibrin acid derivatives used to decrease LDL cholesterol levels
  2. Activates PPARalpha which increases the production of lipoprotein lipase
  3. Fenofibrate
  4. GI upset, myositis, cholelithiasis
  5. Photosensitivity, gall bladder disease
    6 warfarin = inc antioagulation
20
Q
  1. What are cholesterol absorption inhibitors/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A

1.) used to decrease cholesterol levels
2. Inhibit NPC1L1 transporter at brush border in small intestines reduceing gut absorption of cholesterol

  1. Ezetimibe
  2. Abdominal pain, GI upset, angioedma
  3. Hepatic failure
  4. Ciclosporin, fibrates (gall stones)
21
Q
  1. What is Bempedoic/what are they used for?
    2.MoA:
    3.Examples:
    4.Adverse effects:
    5.Contraindications:
    6.Drug-drug interactions:
A

1.ATP citrate lyase inhibitor
2. Inhibits ATP citrate lyase preventing conversion of citrate to acetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway
3 Bempedoic acid
4. Hyperuricaemia, anaemia , pain in extremity
5. Pregnancy and breast feeding
6. Slows excretion of many drugs including statins

22
Q

How does Alirocumab work?

A

A monoclonal antibody that binds tto PCSK9 inhibiting it preventing it from degrading LDL receptors in the liver so more LDL cholesterol broken down.

23
Q

How does inclisiran work?

A

Inhibits hepatic translation of PCSK9 so less PCSK9 produced to break down LDL receptors

CPT (30 decks)

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