All About Verbs Flashcards
Two Types of Verbs
u-verbs (Godan Verbs) & ru-Verbs (Ichidan verbs) [there are very few irregulars, usually called Kuru or Yoi class irregulars]
[BOTH VERBS] Casual [Plain Form] Present Tense
dictionary form with no changes
[u-VERBS] Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense
change the (u) sound at end to (a) sound equivalent and add ない
[list for reference] う - わない つ - たない す - さない る - らない く - かない ぐ - がない ぬ - なない ぶ - ばない む - まない
[ru-VERBS] Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense
drop the る and add ない
来る Irregular Exception to Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense
来る becomes 来ない like normal but is pronounced like こない instead of its original くる pronunciation
する Irregular Exception to Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense
する becomes しない
[u-VERBS] Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense
Start with the plain/dictionary form ~
Verbs that end in うつる, drop them and add った
Verbs that end in むぬぶ, drop them and add んだ
Verbs that end in く, drop it and add いた
Verbs that end in ぐ, drop it and add いだ
Verbs that end in す, drop it and add した
[ru-VERBS] Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense
drop る and add た
する Irregular Exception to Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense
する — した
来る Irregular Exception to Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense
来た (and is pronounced きたfrom くた)
[BOTH VERBS] Casual Nakatta Form Plain Past Negative Tense
Start by conjugating the verb to its Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense.
Then remove the い at the end and replace it with かった
[ru-VERBS] Finding The Verb Stem (VS)
remove the る
[u-VERBS] Finding The Verb Stem (VS)
change (u) sound at end to (i) sound equivalent
する Exception To Finding The Verb Stem (VS)
する verb stem is し
くる Exception To Finding The Verb Stem (VS)
くる verb stem is き
[BOTH VERBS] Polite Present Tense
VS + ます
[BOTH VERBS] Polite Present Negative Tense
VS + ません
[BOTH VERBS] Polite Past Tense
VS + ました
[BOTH VERBS] Polite Past Negative Tense
VS + ませんでした
[BOTH VERBS] Super Formal Negative Tense
VS + ありません
[BOTH VERBS] Super Formal Past Negative Tense
VS + ありませんでした
[ru-VERBS] Te-Form
drop る and replace it with て
[u-VERBS] Te-Form
Verbs ending in うつる, drop them and add って
Verbs ending in むぶぬ, drop them and add んで
Verbs ending in く, drop it and add いて
Verbs ending in ぐ, drop it and add いで
Verbs ending in す, drop it and add して
する Irregular Exception to Te-From
する Te-form is して
くる Irregular Exception to Te-From
くる Te-form is きて
[BOTH VERBS] “if Condition” Grammar Structure
Condition + と(if, for sure) + Natural Result
[BOTH VERBS] “if State of Being” Grammar Structure
State Of Being + だと(if, for sure) + Natural Result
[BOTH VERBS] “if Assumed Condition” Grammar Structure
Assumed Contextual Condition + なら(ば) (if that’s the case) + Result
(The ば just makes it more formal)
[BOTH VERBS] General “if”
For Verbs, start with dictionary plain form and change ending (u) sound to (e ) sound equivalent and add ば
“if” when the emphasis is on the “IF” and not on the result
Condition + ば/ければ/であれば (if) + Result
“if” when the emphasis is on the “RESULT” and not on the if
Condition (which is a verb changed to casual negative tense) + ら(if) + Result
[EMPHASIS ON “RESULT”]
Adding the feeling of uncertainty
ADDING もし to the begging of a conditional sentence adds an extra sense of uncertainty. Like “by some chance”.
もし (by some chance) + Condition + (if) + Result
(ex)
“By some chance + he comes + if + I’ll go” — “if by some chance he comes, I’ll go”
[u-VERBS] Potential “can/able to” Form
change ending (u) to (e ) equivalent and add る
[ru-VERBS] Potential “can/able to” Form
replace る ending with (ら)れる
[ら is optional because られる is actually also the passive form]
する Irregular Exception to Potential “can/able to” Form
する becomes できる
来る Irregular Exception to Potential “can/able to” Form
pronounced くる) becomes 来られる(and is pronounced こられる)
To Want To VERB
VERB STEM + たい (this is an i adjective and roughly means “to want to” - so to make it formal just add です)
I Want To Go - FORMAL PRESENT TENSE
行く・いく (to go)
(Change Verb To Verb Stem)
行き
(Add たい)
行きたい
(Add です)
“行きたいです” = (I) want to go
Direct & Indirect Quotes
Attach と after what someone heard or thinks or says.
Casual Quoting
attach って to whatever is being directly or indirectly quoted. Phrase + って (roughly translated to adding “…say”). So if you said the phrase “You don’t have time?” and added って it would turn into “You say you don’t have time?”
To “go with/decide on” verb
VERB + こと + にする///VERB + こと + になる (and conjugate になる/にする for tense and politeness)
ex) きょうはうどんをたべることにする today + udon + object particle + eat + koto(nominalizer) + go with =Today (I) go with eat(ing) udon =Today I'll go with udon to eat? you know what I mean.
~ようにする
~to try to (do/be…) [adding よう to にする expressing intention or will and is like saying smbdy will “try” to do smth] - conjugate for tense and politeness
~ようになる
~ to become able to (do/be…) [adding よう before になる indicates change, as in smth became able to do smth] - conjugate for tense and politeness
[u-VERBS] Suggestion/Intention Form
start with dictionary form of verb
then replace the ending u-sound with the equivalent o-sound and add う
reference: う → おう つ → とう す → そう る → ろう く → こう ぐ → ごう ぬ → のう ぶ → ぼう む → もう
[ru-VERBS] Suggestion/Intention Form
replaceる ending with よう
来る Irregular Exception to Suggestion/Intention Form
来る(pronounced くる) is conjugated to 来よう (pronounced こよう)
する Irregular Exception to Suggestion/Intention Form
する is conjugated to しよう.
[BOTH VERBS] Negative Suggestion/Intention Form
first change verb to negative form, and then after the 〜ない part, add でおこう [which is the negative Te-form で, + the verb おく “to place” in it’s Suggestion/Intention Form) It literally means “to leave something undone”.
option 2 - [BOTH VERBS] Negative Suggestion/Intention Form
[action turned into a clause] ~やめよう (to quit - in suggestion/intention form)
[action turned into a clause] ~よそう (to stop - in suggestion/intention form)
と思う 【とおもう】
と思う means “to think” and can be used after any adj/noun or verb to mean “smbdy thinks smth)
Verb/noun/adj + だろ(う)
Verb/noun/adj + likely/it seems (Likely, there’s no mistake///It seems that there’s no mistake)
[BOTH VERBS] Present Progressive for verbs/states/saying that you currently “know” something (because the Japanese Verb “to know” actually means it’s in the process of entering your brain - so to say you know something you have to use this form)/adjectives
Conjugate verb to Te-form, and add いる [note: sometimes only -る is added in casual conversation]
How to say that something already happened
something that has already happened + ている [て can be left out if it’s a verb you conjugated to Te-form]
How to say that something has not happened yet
something that hasn’t happened yet + ていない [て can be left out if it’s a verb you conjugated to Te-form]
Grammar LINK
https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/
