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A Japanese Course - Grammar > All About Verbs > Flashcards

All About Verbs Flashcards

1
Q

Two Types of Verbs

A

u-verbs (Godan Verbs) & ru-Verbs (Ichidan verbs) [there are very few irregulars, usually called Kuru or Yoi class irregulars]

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2
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Casual [Plain Form] Present Tense

A

dictionary form with no changes

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3
Q

[u-VERBS] Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense

A

change the (u) sound at end to (a) sound equivalent and add ない

[list for reference]
う -  わない 
つ - たない 
す - さない 
る - らない 
く - かない 
ぐ - がない 
ぬ - なない 
ぶ - ばない 
む - まない
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4
Q

[ru-VERBS] Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense

A

drop the る and add ない

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5
Q

来る Irregular Exception to Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense

A

来る becomes 来ない like normal but is pronounced like こない instead of its original くる pronunciation

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6
Q

する Irregular Exception to Causal Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense

A

する becomes しない

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7
Q

[u-VERBS] Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense

A

Start with the plain/dictionary form ~

Verbs that end in うつる, drop them and add った

Verbs that end in むぬぶ, drop them and add んだ

Verbs that end in く, drop it and add いた

Verbs that end in ぐ, drop it and add いだ

Verbs that end in す, drop it and add した

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8
Q

[ru-VERBS] Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense

A

drop る and add た

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9
Q

する Irregular Exception to Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense

A

する — した

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10
Q

来る Irregular Exception to Casual Ta Form Plain Past Tense

A

来た (and is pronounced きたfrom くた)

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11
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Casual Nakatta Form Plain Past Negative Tense

A

Start by conjugating the verb to its Nai Form Plain Present Negative Tense.

Then remove the い at the end and replace it with かった

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12
Q

[ru-VERBS] Finding The Verb Stem (VS)

A

remove the る

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13
Q

[u-VERBS] Finding The Verb Stem (VS)

A

change (u) sound at end to (i) sound equivalent

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14
Q

する Exception To Finding The Verb Stem (VS)

A

する verb stem is し

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15
Q

くる Exception To Finding The Verb Stem (VS)

A

くる verb stem is き

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16
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Polite Present Tense

A

VS + ます

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17
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Polite Present Negative Tense

A

VS + ません

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18
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Polite Past Tense

A

VS + ました

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19
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Polite Past Negative Tense

A

VS + ませんでした

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20
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Super Formal Negative Tense

A

VS + ありません

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21
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Super Formal Past Negative Tense

A

VS + ありませんでした

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22
Q

[ru-VERBS] Te-Form

A

drop る and replace it with て

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23
Q

[u-VERBS] Te-Form

A

Verbs ending in うつる, drop them and add って

Verbs ending in むぶぬ, drop them and add んで

Verbs ending in く, drop it and add いて

Verbs ending in ぐ, drop it and add いで

Verbs ending in す, drop it and add して

24
Q

する Irregular Exception to Te-From

A

する Te-form is して

25
Q

くる Irregular Exception to Te-From

A

くる Te-form is きて

26
Q

[BOTH VERBS] “if Condition” Grammar Structure

A

Condition + と(if, for sure) + Natural Result

27
Q

[BOTH VERBS] “if State of Being” Grammar Structure

A

State Of Being + だと(if, for sure) + Natural Result

28
Q

[BOTH VERBS] “if Assumed Condition” Grammar Structure

A

Assumed Contextual Condition + なら(ば) (if that’s the case) + Result

(The ば just makes it more formal)

29
Q

[BOTH VERBS] General “if”

A

For Verbs, start with dictionary plain form and change ending (u) sound to (e ) sound equivalent and add ば

30
Q

“if” when the emphasis is on the “IF” and not on the result

A

Condition + ば/ければ/であれば (if) + Result

31
Q

“if” when the emphasis is on the “RESULT” and not on the if

A

Condition (which is a verb changed to casual negative tense) + ら(if) + Result

[EMPHASIS ON “RESULT”]

32
Q

Adding the feeling of uncertainty

A

ADDING もし to the begging of a conditional sentence adds an extra sense of uncertainty. Like “by some chance”.

もし (by some chance) + Condition + (if) + Result

(ex)
“By some chance + he comes + if + I’ll go” — “if by some chance he comes, I’ll go”

33
Q

[u-VERBS] Potential “can/able to” Form

A

change ending (u) to (e ) equivalent and add る

34
Q

[ru-VERBS] Potential “can/able to” Form

A

replace る ending with (ら)れる

[ら is optional because られる is actually also the passive form]

35
Q

する Irregular Exception to Potential “can/able to” Form

A

する becomes できる

36
Q

来る Irregular Exception to Potential “can/able to” Form

A

pronounced くる) becomes 来られる(and is pronounced こられる)

37
Q

To Want To VERB

A

VERB STEM + たい (this is an i adjective and roughly means “to want to” - so to make it formal just add です)

38
Q

I Want To Go - FORMAL PRESENT TENSE

A

行く・いく (to go)

(Change Verb To Verb Stem)

行き

(Add たい)

行きたい

(Add です)

“行きたいです” = (I) want to go

39
Q

Direct & Indirect Quotes

A

Attach と after what someone heard or thinks or says.

40
Q

Casual Quoting

A

attach って to whatever is being directly or indirectly quoted. Phrase + って (roughly translated to adding “…say”). So if you said the phrase “You don’t have time?” and added って it would turn into “You say you don’t have time?”

41
Q

To “go with/decide on” verb

A

VERB + こと + にする///VERB + こと + になる (and conjugate になる/にする for tense and politeness)

ex)
きょうはうどんをたべることにする
today + udon + object particle + eat + koto(nominalizer) + go with
=Today (I) go with eat(ing) udon
=Today I'll go with udon to eat?
you know what I mean.
42
Q

~ようにする

A

~to try to (do/be…) [adding よう to にする expressing intention or will and is like saying smbdy will “try” to do smth] - conjugate for tense and politeness

43
Q

~ようになる

A

~ to become able to (do/be…) [adding よう before になる indicates change, as in smth became able to do smth] - conjugate for tense and politeness

44
Q

[u-VERBS] Suggestion/Intention Form

A

start with dictionary form of verb
then replace the ending u-sound with the equivalent o-sound and add う

reference:
う　→　おう
つ　→　とう
す　→　そう
る　→　ろう
く　→　こう
ぐ　→　ごう
ぬ　→　のう
ぶ　→　ぼう
む　→　もう
45
Q

[ru-VERBS] Suggestion/Intention Form

A

replaceる ending with よう

46
Q

来る Irregular Exception to Suggestion/Intention Form

A

来る(pronounced くる) is conjugated to 来よう (pronounced こよう)

47
Q

する Irregular Exception to Suggestion/Intention Form

A

する is conjugated to しよう.

48
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Negative Suggestion/Intention Form

A

first change verb to negative form, and then after the 〜ない part, add でおこう [which is the negative Te-form で, + the verb おく “to place” in it’s Suggestion/Intention Form) It literally means “to leave something undone”.

49
Q

option 2 - [BOTH VERBS] Negative Suggestion/Intention Form

A

[action turned into a clause] ~やめよう (to quit - in suggestion/intention form)
[action turned into a clause] ~よそう (to stop - in suggestion/intention form)

50
Q

と思う 【とおもう】

A

と思う means “to think” and can be used after any adj/noun or verb to mean “smbdy thinks smth)

51
Q

Verb/noun/adj + だろ(う)

A

Verb/noun/adj + likely/it seems (Likely, there’s no mistake///It seems that there’s no mistake)

52
Q

[BOTH VERBS] Present Progressive for verbs/states/saying that you currently “know” something (because the Japanese Verb “to know” actually means it’s in the process of entering your brain - so to say you know something you have to use this form)/adjectives

A

Conjugate verb to Te-form, and add いる [note: sometimes only -る is added in casual conversation]

53
Q

How to say that something already happened

A

something that has already happened + ている [て can be left out if it’s a verb you conjugated to Te-form]

54
Q

How to say that something has not happened yet

A

something that hasn’t happened yet + ていない [て can be left out if it’s a verb you conjugated to Te-form]

55
Q

Grammar LINK

A

https://www.tofugu.com/japanese-grammar/

A Japanese Course - Grammar (7 decks)

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