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Organic chemistry > Alkohols and Phenols > Flashcards

Alkohols and Phenols Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Alcohols ?

A

Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
1 or more H replaced by -OH
Not stable in Water and not negative in a pure substance
Lower alcohol –> H Bonds –> Liquids and higher boiling points
Alkohols with 3 Cs or less –> miscible with Water

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2
Q

Derivatives of Water ?

A

Alcohol
Phenol
Ether

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3
Q

Glycols ?

A

2 OH groups

Tert - Butyl- ALk –> Ethylene glycol –> Glycerol

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4
Q

Properties ?

A
  1. Sodium Alkoxide –> With Alkalimetals ( Phenols also with alkalies)
  2. Ester –> with Acids
  3. Olefins –> Dehydration through acids
  4. Ether
    1. Aldehyde –> Primary alk (dann zu Carboxylic acid) (Dehydrogenase)
    2. Ketone –> 2. Alk (Oxidation)
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5
Q

Important alkohols ?

A 
Methanol 
Ethanol 
Ethylene Glycol
Glycerol
Nitroglycerin
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6
Q

Methanol

A 
Colourless
Liquid 
Boils at 64.5°
distinct smell 
Toxic (Lethal 10g)
Methanol --> Formaldehyde --> Formic acid --> CO2
(Alkohol + Aldehyde dehydrogenase)
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7
Q

How arises a Metabolic acidosis in Methanol Intoxication?

A

Accumulation of Formaldehyde and Formic acid, which disturbed the axoplasm flow in the CNS

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8
Q

Treatment of Methanol and Ethanol Intoxication

A

Hemodialysis

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9
Q

Ethanol?

A 
Liquid 
Colourless
Pleasant odour
Boils at 78.5°
Miscible 
Ethyl alcohol (Other name)
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10
Q

How is Ethanol made?

A

Yeast cell fermentation –> through zymase –> Co2 and Ethanol

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11
Q

Fusel Oil

A

Higher branched alcohol

Fermentation of amino acids

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12
Q

Role of Ethanol in Medicine ?

A

Antiseptic, Antidote, Solvent

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13
Q

Ethanol catabolism?

A

In liver –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate
(Alkohol and Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase)
Metabolized in Krebs Cycle

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14
Q

Disulfiram (Antabuse) ?

A

Alkohol Deterrent
Competes with NAD+ for aldehyde dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde concentration in blood increases –> unpleasant symptoms

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15
Q

Alkohol Deterrents ?

A

Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.

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16
Q

Breathing test ?

A

Oxidation of Alk (Tubes with PotassiumDichromate and sulphuric acid –> yellow to green)

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17
Q

Blood test ?

A

Gas liquid chromatography

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18
Q

Ethylene glycol

A 
Colourless, sweet
Antifreeze
Toxic
Glycerine substitute
Synthesis of fibers
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19
Q

Diseases from Ethylene glycol?

A

CNS/Cardiopulmonary/Renal Dysfunction
Metabolic acidosis
Lethal: 100 ml in Adult

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20
Q

Catabolism of Ethylene Glycol?

A

Similar to Ethanol but the Result is Glycoxalate and Oxalic acid
–> Impairs Renal and Myocardial tissue

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21
Q

Exact Catabolism of Ethylene Glycol ?

A

Ethylene Glycol –> Glycol aldehyde –> Glycoxal –> Glycoxalic acid –> Oxalic acid

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22
Q

Glycerol

A 
Saponification Product of Fats 
Sweet
Manufacturer of Resins (plant protection) 
Softening agent
Drugs and Cosmetics
23
Q

Why is Glycerol used for Cosmetics?

A

Hygroscopic properties

24
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Glyceryl nitrate
Explosive
Glycerol + Nitric acid
Medication used for heart failure, high blood pressure, and to treat and prevent chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart.

25
Sugar alkohols
Reducing product of corresponding monosaccharides
26
Inositol
Sugar alkohol Myoinositol --> Isomer to Glucose / Fructose Present in most living cells
27
Inositol Triphosphate
Second messenger of extracellular signals
28
Ribitol
Constituent of FMN + FAD
29
Phenols
Hydroxy group to Benzene Ring Weakly acid Easily oxidized
30
What do Phenols do?
Esterfy and build Ether
31
Quinones
Oxidation product of phenol by air or Dehydrogenation of Dihydroxy Benzene - Quinones are oxidized derivatives of aromatic compounds and are often readily made from reactive aromatic compounds with electron-donating substituents such as phenols and catechols, which increase the nucleophilicity of the ring and contributes to the large redox potential needed to break aromaticity. - Quinones are conjugated but not aromatic - 2 Carbonyl groups - DYES
32
Carbonyl Group
C = O
33
Phenol
``` Carbolic acid white, crystalline Powder Alk. Soluble Slightly in water Acrid odour ```
34
Phenol Toxicity
``` Kills cells Precipitates Proteins Skin --> Spots, Burns Systemic poison Eliminated in Urine as PHENYL SULFATE ```
35
Cresols
``` Methylphenol (Phenol of toluene) Obtained from Coal tar/ Petroleum 3 Isomeric Forms Preparations of Antiseptics Insecticidal properties ```
36
Cresols Medicine
Very toxic, and in high concentrations they can be absorbed in fatal amounts through the skin
37
Lysol
Dissolving cresols in liquid soap | Floor and Toilet bowl cleaner
38
Napthols
Hydroxy derivatives of Naphthalene Solid Little toxic Azodye
39
Polyhydric Phenols
Pyrocatechol, Resorcinol, Hydroquinone, Pyrogallol | -> crystallic, slightly soluble, REDUCTION PROPERTIES --> Photographic developers
40
Tyrosine
Starting material for Biosynthesis of Catecholamines Amino Acid Pigments Thyroidal Hormones
41
Catecholamines
- neurotransmitter and hormone - catechol group to which is attached an amine group. - dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
42
Catechol group
a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups
43
Catabolic product of Catecholamines
Derivative of Mandelic acid --> Urine
44
Ubiquinones
In Mitochondria Electron Transfer agents Other word for Coenzyme Q Class of Quinones
45
Catecholamine Synthese
l-tyrosine according to the following sequence: tyrosine → dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) → dopamine → norepinephrine (noradrenaline) → epinephrine (adrenaline)
46
Coenzyme Q10
In Higher animals and Plants | can be easily isolated from tissues with high respiratory function
47
Vitamin K
fat-soluble naphthoquinone compound Clotting of Blood Cofactor in modification of blood clotting proteins --> binding of calcium
48
Vitamin K1
Green leaves (Phylloquinone)
49
Vitamin K2
Synthesized by intestinal bacteria
50
Vitamin K3
Parent compound, Synthetic Vitamin Precursor | Body converts it to a Vitamin active Form, which is the reduced form
51
Analogs to Vitamin K
Inhibit the enzymatic reduction of the oxidized From | Prevent Thromboses
52
Terylene
Fibers spun from polymeric ester of terephtalic acid and ethylene glycol
53
How is phenolphtalein made🤔
Condensing phtalic anhydride with phenol

Organic chemistry (16 decks)

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