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Organic chemistry > Alkohols and Phenols > Flashcards

Alkohols and Phenols Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Alcohols ?

A

Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
1 or more H replaced by -OH
Not stable in Water and not negative in a pure substance
Lower alcohol –> H Bonds –> Liquids and higher boiling points
Alkohols with 3 Cs or less –> miscible with Water

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2
Q

Derivatives of Water ?

A

Alcohol
Phenol
Ether

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3
Q

Glycols ?

A

2 OH groups

Tert - Butyl- ALk –> Ethylene glycol –> Glycerol

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4
Q

Properties ?

A
  1. Sodium Alkoxide –> With Alkalimetals ( Phenols also with alkalies)
  2. Ester –> with Acids
  3. Olefins –> Dehydration through acids
  4. Ether
    1. Aldehyde –> Primary alk (dann zu Carboxylic acid) (Dehydrogenase)
    2. Ketone –> 2. Alk (Oxidation)
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5
Q

Important alkohols ?

A 
Methanol 
Ethanol 
Ethylene Glycol
Glycerol
Nitroglycerin
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6
Q

Methanol

A 
Colourless
Liquid 
Boils at 64.5°
distinct smell 
Toxic (Lethal 10g)
Methanol --> Formaldehyde --> Formic acid --> CO2
(Alkohol + Aldehyde dehydrogenase)
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7
Q

How arises a Metabolic acidosis in Methanol Intoxication?

A

Accumulation of Formaldehyde and Formic acid, which disturbed the axoplasm flow in the CNS

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8
Q

Treatment of Methanol and Ethanol Intoxication

A

Hemodialysis

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9
Q

Ethanol?

A 
Liquid 
Colourless
Pleasant odour
Boils at 78.5°
Miscible 
Ethyl alcohol (Other name)
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10
Q

How is Ethanol made?

A

Yeast cell fermentation –> through zymase –> Co2 and Ethanol

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11
Q

Fusel Oil

A

Higher branched alcohol

Fermentation of amino acids

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12
Q

Role of Ethanol in Medicine ?

A

Antiseptic, Antidote, Solvent

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13
Q

Ethanol catabolism?

A

In liver –> Acetaldehyde –> Acetate
(Alkohol and Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase)
Metabolized in Krebs Cycle

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14
Q

Disulfiram (Antabuse) ?

A

Alkohol Deterrent
Competes with NAD+ for aldehyde dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde concentration in blood increases –> unpleasant symptoms

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15
Q

Alkohol Deterrents ?

A

Substances interfering with the metabolism of ethyl alcohol, causing unpleasant side effects thought to discourage the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol deterrents are used in the treatment of alcoholism.

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16
Q

Breathing test ?

A

Oxidation of Alk (Tubes with PotassiumDichromate and sulphuric acid –> yellow to green)

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17
Q

Blood test ?

A

Gas liquid chromatography

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18
Q

Ethylene glycol

A 
Colourless, sweet
Antifreeze
Toxic
Glycerine substitute
Synthesis of fibers
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19
Q

Diseases from Ethylene glycol?

A

CNS/Cardiopulmonary/Renal Dysfunction
Metabolic acidosis
Lethal: 100 ml in Adult

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20
Q

Catabolism of Ethylene Glycol?

A

Similar to Ethanol but the Result is Glycoxalate and Oxalic acid
–> Impairs Renal and Myocardial tissue

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21
Q

Exact Catabolism of Ethylene Glycol ?

A

Ethylene Glycol –> Glycol aldehyde –> Glycoxal –> Glycoxalic acid –> Oxalic acid

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22
Q

Glycerol

A 
Saponification Product of Fats 
Sweet
Manufacturer of Resins (plant protection) 
Softening agent
Drugs and Cosmetics
23
Q

Why is Glycerol used for Cosmetics?

A

Hygroscopic properties

24
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Glyceryl nitrate
Explosive
Glycerol + Nitric acid
Medication used for heart failure, high blood pressure, and to treat and prevent chest pain from not enough blood flow to the heart.

25
Q

Sugar alkohols

A

Reducing product of corresponding monosaccharides

26
Q

Inositol

A

Sugar alkohol
Myoinositol –> Isomer to Glucose / Fructose
Present in most living cells

27
Q

Inositol Triphosphate

A

Second messenger of extracellular signals

28
Q

Ribitol

A

Constituent of FMN + FAD

29
Q

Phenols

A

Hydroxy group to Benzene Ring
Weakly acid
Easily oxidized

30
Q

What do Phenols do?

A

Esterfy and build Ether

31
Q

Quinones

A

Oxidation product of phenol by air
or
Dehydrogenation of Dihydroxy Benzene

  • Quinones are oxidized derivatives of aromatic compounds and are often readily made from reactive aromatic compounds with electron-donating substituents such as phenols and catechols, which increase the nucleophilicity of the ring and contributes to the large redox potential needed to break aromaticity.
  • Quinones are conjugated but not aromatic
  • 2 Carbonyl groups
  • DYES
32
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

C = O

33
Q

Phenol

A 
Carbolic acid
white, crystalline Powder
Alk. Soluble 
Slightly in water 
Acrid odour
34
Q

Phenol Toxicity

A 
Kills cells
Precipitates Proteins
Skin --> Spots, Burns 
Systemic poison 
Eliminated in Urine as PHENYL SULFATE
35
Q

Cresols

A 
Methylphenol  (Phenol of toluene) 
Obtained from Coal tar/ Petroleum
3 Isomeric Forms
Preparations of Antiseptics
Insecticidal properties
36
Q

Cresols Medicine

A

Very toxic, and in high concentrations they can be absorbed in fatal amounts through the skin

37
Q

Lysol

A

Dissolving cresols in liquid soap

Floor and Toilet bowl cleaner

38
Q

Napthols

A

Hydroxy derivatives of Naphthalene
Solid
Little toxic
Azodye

39
Q

Polyhydric Phenols

A

Pyrocatechol, Resorcinol, Hydroquinone, Pyrogallol

-> crystallic, slightly soluble, REDUCTION PROPERTIES –> Photographic developers

40
Q

Tyrosine

A

Starting material for Biosynthesis of Catecholamines
Amino Acid
Pigments
Thyroidal Hormones

41
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • neurotransmitter and hormone
  • catechol group to which is attached an amine group.
  • dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
42
Q

Catechol group

A

a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups

43
Q

Catabolic product of Catecholamines

A

Derivative of Mandelic acid –> Urine

44
Q

Ubiquinones

A

In Mitochondria
Electron Transfer agents
Other word for Coenzyme Q
Class of Quinones

45
Q

Catecholamine Synthese

A

l-tyrosine according to the following sequence: tyrosine → dopa (dihydroxyphenylalanine) → dopamine → norepinephrine (noradrenaline) → epinephrine (adrenaline)

46
Q

Coenzyme Q10

A

In Higher animals and Plants

can be easily isolated from tissues with high respiratory function

47
Q

Vitamin K

A

fat-soluble naphthoquinone compound
Clotting of Blood
Cofactor in modification of blood clotting proteins –> binding of calcium

48
Q

Vitamin K1

A

Green leaves (Phylloquinone)

49
Q

Vitamin K2

A

Synthesized by intestinal bacteria

50
Q

Vitamin K3

A

Parent compound, Synthetic Vitamin Precursor

Body converts it to a Vitamin active Form, which is the reduced form

51
Q

Analogs to Vitamin K

A

Inhibit the enzymatic reduction of the oxidized From

Prevent Thromboses

52
Q

Terylene

A

Fibers spun from polymeric ester of terephtalic acid and ethylene glycol

53
Q

How is phenolphtalein made🤔

A

Condensing phtalic anhydride with phenol

Organic chemistry (16 decks)

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