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Chemistry > Alkenes Pt 2 (OG) > Flashcards

Alkenes Pt 2 (OG) Flashcards

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1
Q

How many products can be made when you add a hydrogen halide to a symmetric alkene

A

Only one

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2
Q

What occurs when an asymmetric alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide molecule?

A

You can form 2 different isomers which depends on which carbon atom has the positive charge in the carbocation intermediate

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3
Q

Is there equal amounts of the two products made during the electrophillic addition of asymmetrical Alkenes?

A

NO

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4
Q

Define Major product and Minor product

A

Major product is the product that is made more and minor product is the product that is made less

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5
Q

Carbocation intermediates are..

A

Unstable molecules that only exists for a short period of time and its stability depend on how many alkyl groups are bonded to the carbon atom with the positive charge

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6
Q

Define alkyl group

A

A group containing carbon and hydrogen atoms

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7
Q

Define primary carbocation

A

Is when the positive carbon atom is bonded to only one alkyl group

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8
Q

Secondary carbocation

A

When the positive carbon atom is bonded to two alkyl group

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9
Q

Which is more stable primary or secondary carbocation and why is that important?

A

Secondary carbocation, it’s important because it exists for longer due to its stability meaning it is more likely to form a product which explains why something may be a major product

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10
Q

What is Markownikoff’s Rule?

A

When a hydrogen halide reacts with an asymmetric alkene, the hydrogen atom of the hydrogen halide is more likely to bond to the carbon atom which is attached to the greater number of hydrogen atoms

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11
Q

What does the Markownikoff’s rule allow you to find out?

A

The major product

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12
Q

What type of addition reaction occurs between halogens and Alkenes

A

Electrophilic addition

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13
Q

What indicates a positive result in the bromine water test?

A

Decolorisation of the bromine water

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14
Q

What type of bond is attacked by the electrophile in Alkenes?

A

Pi bond

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15
Q

What acts as the electrophile in halogen addition reactions?

A

The positive hydrogen atom of the hydrogen halide

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16
Q

What is the product when and alkene reacts with HI?

A

Alkyl iodide

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17
Q

What is the product when an alkene reacts with HCL?

A

Alkyl chloride

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18
Q

What is the product when an alkene reacts with HBr?

A

Alkyl bromide

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19
Q

How can you test for unsaturated molecules?

A

Add bromine water,
If it decolourises then the test is positive

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20
Q

What type of ion forms after the initial bond formation in electrophilic addition?

A

A carbocation

21
Q

What is the first step of electrophilic addition to an alkene

A

The Pi bonds are attracted to the positive hydrogen atom of the hydrogen halide

22
Q

What makes halogen-containing molecules have a permanent dipole?

A

Halogens are more electronegative than hydrogen

23
Q

What makes halogen-containing molecules have a permanent dipole?

A

Halogens are more electronegative than hydrogen

24
Q

What determines the final product in halogen addition reactions?

A

The type of hydrogen halide used (HBr, HCl, or HI)

25
Q

What do the electrons in the pi bond do during electrophilic addition?

A

Form a covalent bond with the hydrogen atom

26
Q

What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of H2O to an alkene?

A

Acid catalyst which is usually phosphoric acid

27
Q

What are the products of the reaction?

A

An alcohol

28
Q

Draw a mechanism for the addition of water to ethene

A

Check answer on slide 29 of alkene flash cards pmt

29
Q

What conditions are needed for the electrophilic addition of hydrogen halide to an alkene?

A

Room temperature

30
Q

Draw a mechanism of the reaction for the reaction of HBr and Ethene

A

Check pmt slide 32 Alkenes flash card

31
Q

What are the conditions needed for the electrophilic addition of a halogen molecule to an alkene?

A

Room temperature and organic solvent

32
Q

How does a molecule with a non-polar bond react as if it’s an electrophile?

A

Cc double bond with a high electron density induces a temporary dipole in the halogen molecule and the slightly positive atom is attracted to the double bond

33
Q

Draw a mechanism for the reaction between bromine and ethene

A

Check slide 39 of alkene flash cards for answers

34
Q

Draw the mechanism for the reaction of sulphur if acid with ethene

A

Check slide 41

35
Q

How would you turn the product into an alcohol and how does it show that sulphuric acid catalyses the addition of water to an alkene?

A

Add water
H2SO4 reforms, showing it catalyses the hydration of alkenes

36
Q

What is an addition polymer?

A

Many monomers bonded together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule

37
Q

What are monomers and what form do they usually take?

A

Many Molecules that combine to form a polymer they usually have a cc double bond that breaks to leave a repeating pattern

38
Q

Draw how you would represent the polymerisation of ethene?

A

Check slide 49

39
Q

Give three uses of PVC

A

Drainpipes, vinyl and aprons

40
Q

Give to examples of plasticisers?

A

Esters and phthalates

41
Q

What are plasticisers?

A

Small molecules that gel between polymer chains to force them apart and allow them to slide over each other

42
Q

How does the physical properties of pvc change due to plasticisers? What application does this lead to?

A

PVC with a plasticiser become flexible for aprons without the plasticiser its rigid and used for drainpipes

43
Q

Why do things containing mainly c-c and c-h bonds not decompose easily?

A

Bonds are non polar so are not attacked by enzymes

44
Q

Why is a lack of biodegradability in compounds with c-c and c-h bonds a problem?

A

Disposal is very problematic

45
Q

What is mechanical recycling?

A

Where plastics are separated into different types, washed, ground down, melted and re-moulded

46
Q

What is mechanical recycling used for?

A

From Soft drink bottles to fleeces

47
Q

What is feedstock recycling?

A

Plastics heated to a temperature which breaks polymer bonds, leaving original monomers that can be made into new plastics

48
Q

What is feedstock recycling used for?

A

Making completely new plastics

49
Q

What is a problem with recycling?

A

Each time thermosoftening plastics are melted and remoulded, their properties degrade, so they can only be remoulded a limited number of times

Chemistry (13 decks)

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