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Chemistry Module 4 > Alkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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2
Q

What is the shape around every carbon atom?

A

Tetrahedral

109 degrees

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3
Q

What are the 2 conformations of alkanes?

A

Eclipsed

Staggered

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4
Q

Which of the 2 conformations of alkanes are more stable?

A

Staggered as there is maximum separation

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of isomers?

A

Structural

Stereo/geometric

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomers?

A

Branched
Functional group
Branched

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of stereo isomers?

A

E/Z
Cis/Trans
Optical

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8
Q

Definition of structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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9
Q

What are branched isomers?

A

Branch it (same number of Cs)

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10
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Change functional group

Eg alcohol-ester

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11
Q

What are positional isomers?

A

Change position of functional group

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12
Q

What is heterolytic bond fission?

A

Makes positive and negative ions

Pair of electrons in covalent bond go to one of the atoms that is bonded

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13
Q

What does a curly arrow show?

A

Movement of a pair of electrons

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14
Q

What is homolytic bond fission?

A

Makes radicals

1 electron in pair of electrons goes to each atom in covalent bond

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15
Q

What are radicals?

A

Species with an unpaired electron that are very reactive

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16
Q

What do fish hooks/half arrows show?

A

The movement of 1 electron

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17
Q

What are the three types of reactions for alkanes?

A

Elimination
Substitution
Addition

18
Q

What are the 2 types of covalent bond?

A

Sigma (single)

Pi (double)

19
Q

What are stronger sigma or Pi bonds?

A

Sigma

20
Q

Definition of sigma bonds

A

End on overlap of orbitals on the line directly between bonded atoms.

21
Q

What forces are between alkanes?

A

LDF

22
Q

What 2 things affect the boiling point of alkanes?

A

Number of electrons (mainly)

Surface area of contact (if same number of e-)

23
Q

When comparing boiling points, what do you say if one has more electrons?

A

More electrons so larger instantaneous/ induced dipoles so stronger LDF so more energy needed to break forces so higher boiling point.

24
Q

When comparing boiling points, what do you say if they have the same number of electrons but 1 is branched?

A

Same number of electrons however X does’t have branches so there is a larger surface area of contact so stronger LDF so more energy needed to break forces so higher boiling point.

25
Q

How many alkanes are gases at room temperature?

A

The first 4

26
Q

What is produced in complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide (g) and water (l)

27
Q

What is produced in incomplete combustion (normally)

A

Carbon monoxide (g) and water (l)

28
Q

What is produced in incomplete combustion (when a solid is produced)

A

Carbon (s) and water (l)

29
Q

What is produced when an alkane reacts with a halogen?

A

Haloalkane + hydrogen halide

30
Q

What is the mechanism called when an alkane reacts with a halogen?

A

Free radical substitution

31
Q

What are the condition is needed in free radical substitution?

A

UV light

32
Q

What are the 4 steps to a free radical substitution answer?

A

Overall equation
Initiation
Propagation
Termination

33
Q

What happens in initiation (free radical substitution)

A

Radicals are made

Remember to say homolytic bond fission!

34
Q

What happens in propagation step 1? (free radical substitution)

A

Organic+radical goes to (Organic-H radical) and hydrogen halide

35
Q

What happens in propagation step 2? (free radical substitution)

A

(Organic-H radical)+halogen goes to haloalkane and radical

36
Q

What happens in termination? (free radical substitution

A

Radicals combine

37
Q

What is the first problem with free radical substitution?

A

Can get substitution at different positions

38
Q

What is the seconds problem with free radical substitution?

A

Can get more substitutions than wanted

39
Q

How do you limit more substitutions occurring in free radical substitution?

A

Have excess of the organic substance so radicals always react with that instead of products that are made in the reaction.

40
Q

What is added in free radical when you want 2 Hs to be substituted?

A

2CL2/2Br2/2I2

2 halogen halides are also made

Chemistry Module 4 (7 decks)

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