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Chemistry Module 4 > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+2 O

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2
Q

What 3 types of alcohols are there?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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3
Q

What is the most stable type of alcohol?

A

Tertiary

Made via a tertiary carbocation

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4
Q

What 3 things affect the melting/boiling point of alcohols?

A

Number of H bonds each molecule can make
Number of e- (strength of LDF)
Surface area of contact

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5
Q

Are alcohols soluble?

A

Yes, can form H bonds with water

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6
Q

What affects the solubility of alcohols?

A

Number of H bonds the molecule can form (more H bonds=more soluble)
Length of non polar section

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7
Q

What affects viscosity of alcohols?

A

Number of H bonds it can make (more H bonds, stronger IMF, More viscous)

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8
Q

Why do alcohols burn more completely than alkanes?

A

They contain oxygen so less oxygen is needed to make it burn completely.

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9
Q

What is the functional group isomer of alcohols?

A

Esters

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10
Q

What have higher boiling points, alcohols or esters?

A

Alcohols as H bonds are stronger than esters

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11
Q

What is used to oxidise alcohols?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

H+/K2Cr2O7

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12
Q

What do you observe when alcohols are oxidised?

A

Solution goes from orange to green

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13
Q

Why does the solution go from orange to green when alcohols are oxidised?

A

Chromium is reduced so turns green and this is what proves that alcohols are oxidised

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14
Q

What type of alcohols aren’t oxidised?

A

Tertiary

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15
Q

What type of alcohols are oxidised the quickest?

A

Primary

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16
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Removal of water

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17
Q

What is used in dehydration of alcohols?

A

Concentrated H3PO4

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18
Q

What 2 things are made in dehydration of alcohols?

A

Alkene and water

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19
Q

What type of reaction is dehydration?

A

Elimination

20
Q

What is made when a primary alcohol is oxidised and heated and distilled?

A

Aldehyde and water

21
Q

What is made when a primary alcohol is oxidised and heated under reflux?

A

Carboxylic acid and water

22
Q

What is made when an aldehyde is oxidised and heated under reflux?

A

Carboxylic acid

23
Q

What is made when a secondary alcohol is oxidised and heated under reflux?

A

Ketone and water

24
Q

What is the definition of reflux?

A

Continuous evaporation and condensation of a volatile substance without the loss of any product to prevent the liquid boiling dry

25
Q

How many moles of oxidising agent do you need when turning a primary alcohol into a carboxylic acid?

A

2 as 2 oxidising reactions occur

26
Q

What is the distillate when oxidising and heating and distilling a primary alcohol?

A

The aldehyde produced by distillation

27
Q

Why is heating under reflux better than heating and distilling for secondary alcohols?

A

Ensures all reactants are turned into products

28
Q

Which do you use to work out the maximum amount of moles of products, excess or limiting?

A

Limiting

29
Q

How do you work out the limiting reactant?

A

Molar ratio reactants

Do moles divided by ratio, smallest number is limiting.

30
Q

Once you know limiting reactant how do you work out the maximum amount of moles of products?

A

Molar ratio limiting to product

Moles of limiting/ratio of limiting X ratio of product

31
Q

Definition/equation for percentage yield

A

(Amount of product / Theoretical amount of product)

X100

32
Q

What does percentage yield tell you?

A

How efficient a reaction is

33
Q

What is the problem with percentage yield?

A

Doesn’t take into account for the waste products

34
Q

What is the definition for atom economy?

A

(RFM of desired products / Sum of RFM’s of all products)

X100

35
Q

What is the atom economy in addition reactions?

A

100% all the time!

36
Q

How do you increase atom economy?

A

FInd other uses for waste products - no longer waste

Change an atom in waste to atom in same group with lower RFM

37
Q

What are some examples of waste products that could have other uses?

A

HCl - dissolved in water and bottled to make acid - sold to schools
NaCl - make table salt
CO2 - fizzy drinks, fire extinguishers

38
Q

Can water be used to stop it being waste?

A

No, too common so is always waste

39
Q

What equipment do you need for H.U.R?

A 
Metal clamp stand
Clamp
Heat
Round bottomed flask
Condenser
Water tap
Anti-bumping granules
Rubber tubing
40
Q

What equipment do you need for heat and distil?

A 
Same as reflux AND
Still head
3 clips
2 clamp stands (instead of 1)
Thermometer
Screw tap adapter
Reciever
41
Q

How do you work out the aqueous layer in the separating funnel?

A

Add water, aqueous layer will get bigger

42
Q

How do you remove the acid impurities in the separating funnel?

A

Add a carbonate
Will fizz if H+ is present
Turn upside down and release gas
Repeat until doesn’t fizz

43
Q

What happens to the organic and aqueous layers in the separating funnel after acid impurities have been removed?

A

Run off 2 separate layers into separate beakers.

Keep organic layer

44
Q

After separating organic layer from aqueous layer what do you do?

A

Dry the liquid using an anhydrous salt

45
Q

What are the three anhydrous salts?

A

CaCl2 - hydrocarbons
CaSO4 - General drying
MgSO4 - General drying

46
Q

When do you stop adding anhydrous salt?

A

Until there are no lumps/until a fine powder

47
Q

After drying organic product what do you do?

A

Decant/filter off liquid

Redistil (specific temperature to remove other organic products)

Chemistry Module 4 (7 decks)

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