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Chemistry Year 1 > Alkanes > Flashcards

Alkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name of the first alkane?

A

methane

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2
Q

What is the name of the second alkane?

A

ethane

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3
Q

What is the name of the third alkane?

A

propane

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4
Q

What is the name of the fourth alkane?

A

butane

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5
Q

What is the name of the fifth alkane?

A

pentane

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6
Q

What is the name of the sixth alkane?

A

hexane

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7
Q

What is the name of the seventh alkane?

A

heptane

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8
Q

What is the name of the eighth alkane?

A

octane

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9
Q

What is the name of the ninth alkane?

A

nonane

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10
Q

What is the name of the tenth alkane?

A

decane

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11
Q

What are the general characteristics of a homologous series?

A

All members can be represented by a single general molecular formula. The structure of each member differs by CH2 each time. Physical properties show a steady change with increasing molar mass. Adjacent members become more alike with increasing molar mass.

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12
Q

Define structural formula.

A

The minimal detail that shows arrangement of atoms

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13
Q

Define General formula.

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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14
Q

Define displayed formula.

A

The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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15
Q

Define skeletal formula.

A

The simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms leaving just a carbon skeleton

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16
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

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18
Q

Define empirical formula.

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

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19
Q

Define molecular formula.

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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20
Q

Define homologous series.

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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21
Q

Define the term functional group.

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.

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22
Q

What does aliphatic mean?

A

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings.

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23
Q

Define the term structural isomer.

A

Two molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement.

24
Q

True or false? Cycloalkanes react like an alkane.

A

True

25
Q

What is combustion?

A

A chemical reaction where something burns in oxygen to release light and heat energy.

26
Q

Give three possible sources of ignition.

A

Heat, friction, electricity.

27
Q

Give two pieces of information about the way that hydrocarbons burn.

A

They burn relatively cleanly and they release a lot of energy.

28
Q

What is the equation for full combustion?

A

Fuel + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

29
Q

What products may be given off if incomplete combustion occurs?

A

Carbon + water, carbon monoxide + water, hydrocarbon + water.

30
Q

What is the functional group of an alkene?

A

C=C

31
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

-OH

32
Q

What is the functional group of a haloalkane?

A

-Cl -Br -I

33
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

-CHO (double bond between carbon and oxygen.

34
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

-C(CO)C- (double bond to oxygen on the middle carbon

35
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

36
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of an alkene?

A

-ene

37
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of an alcohol?

A

hydroxyl- -ol

38
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a haloalkane?

A

chloro- bromo- iodo-

39
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of an aldehyde?

A

-al

40
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a ketone?

A

-one

41
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

42
Q

Which of these two conformations is the most stable? Why?

A

The first one because the hydrogen atoms can be the furthest apart from eachother.

43
Q

What type of bonds join the carbon and hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon?

A

Covalent bonds.

44
Q

True or false? The covalent bonds in a hydrocarbon are very strong and prevent the molecule of ethane breaking up into carbon and hydrogen again.

A

True

45
Q

What is the name given to the forces that attract separate molecules of ethane to each other?

A

Intermolecular forces called London Dispersion forces.

46
Q

What happenes to the bonds and forces when a liquid boils?

A

The weak intermolecular forces get broken allowing individual molecules to separate away from eachother to become a gas. The covalent bonds are still intact.

47
Q

What is the boiling point of a liquid?

A

A measure of how much heat energy we need to overcome its intermolecular forces.

48
Q

Fill in the blanks. Smaller hydrocarbons have _____ intermolecular forces between each molecule.

A

Fewer

49
Q

Fill in the blanks. Smaller molecules require _____ heat energy to break the forces and turn the liquid into a gas.

A

Less

50
Q

Fill in the blanks. Smaller hydrocarbons have a _____ boiling point than larger hydrocarbons

A

Lower

51
Q

Explain why an alkane with side branches will have a lower boiling point than a straight chain alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

A

An alkane with side branches will have a lower boiling point than a straight chain alkane with the same number of carbon atoms because there will be less points of contact between molecules which means that it is harder to induce a dipole and therefore there are less forces of attraction.

52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q

Describe the process of free radical substitution.

A
  • Step 1 (initiation) - covalent bond in a bromine molecule is broken by hydrolytic fission. Each bromine atom takes one of the unpaired electrons forming two highly reactive radicals. Energy provided by UV light.
  • Step 2 (propagation step 1) - a bromine radical reacts with the methane forming a methyl radical and a molecule of hydrogen bromide. CH4 + Br• → CH3• + HBr
  • Step 2 (propagation step 2) - Each methyl radical racts with another bromine molecule forming bromomethane and a new bromine radical. CH3• + Br2 → CH3Br + Br•
  • The two steps continue until two radicals collide
  • Step 3 (termination) - Two radicals collide to form a molecule with all electrons paired. Number of possible termination steps. (Br• + Br• → Br2) (CH3• + CH3• → C2H6) (CH3• + Br• → CH3Br)
55
Q

What is the name of this shape?

A

Trigonal planar

56
Q

What is the name of this shape?

A

tetrahedral

Chemistry Year 1 (14 decks)

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