Algal biodiversity Flashcards
What is the primary endosymbiosis
Primary plastids from cyanobacteria were taken up, layed the basis for the green algae, plants, red algae and rhodo- chloro- and glaucocystophyta
What are characteristics of secondary endosymbiosis
Extra membrane about secondary plastid, green and red lineage, cryptophytes, apicomplexa, haptophyta, chlorarachniaphyta, euglenophytaheterokontophyta (kelp)
What are examples of tertiary endosymbiosis
The pigment groups of dinoflagellates
Which pigments doe coccolithophycea have
acyl-oxy-fucoxanthins, chl c3, PG4
What pigments do cryptophyceae have
Phycobiliproteins, alloxanthin, chl c2
PG12
What pigments do cyanophyceae have
Phycobiliproteins, zeaxanthin
What are case I waters
waters for which phytoplankton and their associated materials (such as debris, heterotrophic organisms and bacteria, excreted organic matter) control the optical properties
What is case II water
Found in coastal zones influenced by land drainage or suspended sediment in addition to phytoplankton
What are characteristics for light in polar areas
Extreme annual differences in light climate
Extreme annual differences in production
Less diurnal variation
Sun is only briefly more than 30 degrees above the horizon
What is irradiance
Photon flux per unit time and area
400 - 700 nm PAR
umol photons m-2 s-1
What is a characteristic for radiance through the athmosphere at the poles
Low sunangle means that the light has to pass through a thicker layer of air which leads to reduced irradiance from direct radiance, but more scattering (and clouds can yield a higher surface irradiance)
What are characteristics of underwater irradiance
Reflection of irradiance is high at low sunangles with no wave activity
Clean sea water attenuates different wavelength differently (blue travels far)
Phytoplankton absorpes blue, blue green and red light
Yellow substances (DOC, humic acids) absorb in UV and blue region
Why does ocean color vary
Because of phytoplankton, cDOM and TSM
What is albedo
Amount of reflected light as a function of incident light (in percentage)
Sea ice and snow have a high albedo
What are the dominant groups of phytoplankton
Diatoms (Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira) and prymnesiophytes (Phaeocystis)
Why do diatoms dominate
Need silicate to build cell wall
No flagella (non motile)
Specialists in green light (under ice)
What is special with Phaeocystis
Massive blooms
Big mucus colonies
Contains chl c3, harmful
Blue green light specialist
What are characteristics of Chl a
Light harvesting pigment (in vivo abs 440 and 675 nm)
Part of PSII
All PS eucaryotes and cyanobacteria contain it
What are the three major groups of pigments
Chlorophyll (8 types)
Carotenoids (xanthophyll and carotenes)
Phycobiliproteins (4 types found in cryptophytes, cyanobacteria and red algae)
What are absorption characteristics dependent on
Pigment composition
Pigment protein complexes
Intracellular self shading (package effect)
What can the PE curves tell us
Gross and net PS rates
Maximum PS rate
Quantum yield (PS efficiency)
Light saturated PS
What are characteristisc of light acclimatization
Absorption properties Pigment composition Cell chemistry PS parameters Light & Dark respiration
What do algal growth rates depend on
Physical factors (light, temperature, wind)
Chemical (nutrients and salinity)
Biological (predation, competition, physiological build up)
What are characteristics of the ice algae environment
Light regime Temperature Salinity Concentrated cells with patchy distribution Grazing PS parameters Diurnal and annual variations
