Alexander II - Reforms/Recationary 1855-1881 Flashcards
When were the local government reforms?
1864-70
What was introduced?
The Zemstva
How was the zemstva chosen?
Electorial colleges
What was the power/limitations of the Zemstva?
POWER:
- improve public services
- develop industrial projects
- administer poor relief
LIMITATIONS:
- no control over taxes
Who dominated the Zemstva?
Nobles, intelligentsia, doctors, the ‘emerging’ middle classes
What were the direct results of emancipation?
- a Kulak class began to emerge (great resentment against them)
- some peasants sold their land and moved to towns
- many felt cheated
How many peasants were achieving a surplus by 1878?
50%
When were the military reforms?
1874-75
Who were the military reforms under?
Dmitry Milyutin
What occurred under the military reforms?
- modern weaponry introduced
- new command structure established
- punishment made less severe
- medical care established
- service reduced to 15 years
- smaller, professional army
- literacy rates grew
When were the judicial reforms?
1864
What was reformed in the Judicial system?
- accused were considered innocent until proven guilty
- new system was modelled on the West
- equality before the law
- employ a lawyer
- criminal cases heard before a jury
- JP elected
What courts were excluded from the reforms?
Ecclesiastical and Military
When were the education reforms?
1863-64
Who was the minister for education between 1862-67?
Golovnin
What year could women attend university?
1870
What were the education reforms?
- schools declared open to all
- responsibility transferred from Orthodox Church to Zemstva
- ‘modern’ schools established
- primary and secondary education expanded
What was the growth in Primary schools?
8,000 to 23,000 in 25 years
When were the censorship reforms?
1858-70
What was reformed in censorship?
- press could print editorials on government policy
- growth in books, newspaper and journal sales
- restrictions on publishers reduced
- foreign publications were permitted
What was the ‘reaction’ to education?
- appointing Tolstoy as minister for education
- education went back to the hands of the orthodox church
- Gimnazii schools followed traditional cirriculum
In 1871 what school could only progress onto university?
Gimnazii
What subjects were reversed in universities?
Literature, science, history and modern languages were removed with Maths, Latin, Greek and divinity studies
Who was appointed in 1866?
Tolstoy, Shuvalov and Pahlen
