Alexander II

Question 1

Consequences of the Education Reform

Answer 1

. Primary education made free to all classes
. Number of Primary Schools tripled
. Number of children in primary education more than doubled

Question 2

Consequences of Military Reform

Answer 2

. Better training for soldiers
. Conscription extended to all classes
. Service time reduced from 25 years to 15

Question 3

Consequences of Judiciary Reform

Answer 3

. Open trials with juries
. Principle of equity before the law
. Better training and pay for judges and lawyers

Question 4

One problem of Judiciary Reform for the government

Answer 4

Political prisoners used public trials to criticise the Tsar and autocracy eg. Vera Zasulich who spoke against the Tsar at her trial and was pardoned by the jury

Question 5

Why was emancipation unpopular with the nobility?

Answer 5

They lost a lot of land and labour eg. By 1905, the nobility collectively owned 1/3 less land than it had in 1863

Question 6

Why was emancipation unpopular with the peasants

Answer 6

. Many felt that it hadn’t gone far enough and were unhappy at the crippling redemption dues they were forced to pay.
. There were 647 peasant uprisings in the first four months of the emancipation

Question 7

What year did the period of reaction start?

Answer 7

1866

Question 8

Was there any social movement between 1855-1881?

Answer 8

. Development of a Kulak class within the peasantry
. Migration of emancipated peasants into the cities began the development of a working class.
. Social movement was slow and any progress made by reforms was reversed after 1866.

Question 9

What year was the Emancipation of Labour established?

Answer 9

1883 by Plekhanov

Question 10

Who was appointed head of the Secret Police in 1866?

Answer 10

Shuvalov

Question 11

What year was the Crimean War?

Answer 11

1854

Question 12

How was the Judiciary Reform reacted?

Answer 12

From 1878, political prisoners were tried in private courts

Question 13

How was the Education Reform reacted?

Answer 13

. Curriculums placed back in control of the church
. Tight censorship over curriculums

Question 14

What year was “Going to the People”

Answer 14

1872, organised by Lavrov and the People’s Will

Question 15

When was Alexander II assassinated?

Answer 15

1881 by The People’s Will

Question 16

Who was the Minister for Finance under Alexander II?

Answer 16

Mikhail Von Reutern

Question 17

By how much did the amount of railway grow?

Answer 17

in 1855, there was only 700 miles of railway track in Russia. By 1881, this had grown to over 14000 miles.

Question 18

What were grain exports like under AII?

Answer 18

By 1854, grain exports were roughly 2 million tonnes. By 1880, this had increased to 86 million tonnes.
This was a result of the Emancipation.

Question 19

What did Mikhail Von Reutern establish in 1860?

Answer 19

A State Bank

Question 20

What were
Reutern’s other economic policies?

Answer 20

. Lower tariffs
. Liberal trade policies
. Foreign investment into Russia
. Abolition of Tax Farming

Question 21

What was industry like under AII?

Answer 21

. In 1865,there were only 1,425 factories in Russia; by 1880, this had grown to 16,564
. Industry was slowly developing but was still infantile

Question 22

Why did Alexander II want to industrialise?

Answer 22

. Russia had suffered a humiliating defeat in Crimea
. Growing Westerniser/ Slavophile debate within the Intelligensia
. Influence from liberal family members eg. Duchess Elena Pavlona

Question 23

What was the Loris Melikov Constitution?

Answer 23

A report issued in 1880, after two further attempts on the Tsar’s life in 1879 and 1880, which recommended the inclusion of elected representatives of the nobility, zemstva and town councils in creating State Decrees. Alexander was assassinated in 1881 before he could sign it.

Question 24

When was the Polish rebellion?

Answer 24

1863

Question 25

Who was appointed Minister of Justice during the reaction?

Answer 25

Pahlen