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Chemistry > aldehydes and ketones > Flashcards

aldehydes and ketones Flashcards

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1
Q

the general formula of carbonyls

A

CnH2nO

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2
Q

conditions for the preparation of formaldehyde by laboratory method

A

300 degrees celsius
Pt asbestos
or Ag or Cu

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3
Q

composition of formalin

A

formaldehyde 40%
water 52%
unreacted methanol 8%

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4
Q

using laboratory method formaldehyde can be prepare by

A

methanol

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5
Q

conditions to prepare formaldehyde using industrial method

A

500 degrees Celsius
FeO2 Mo2O3
or Ag

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6
Q

conditions for acetaldehyde preparation using laboratory method

A

Na2Cr2O7
Conc. H2SO4

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7
Q

why acetaldehyde is immediately distilled during its preparation by using laboratory method

A

to avoid its further oxidation which can convert it into carboxylic acid

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8
Q

conditions for the preparation of acetaldehyde using industrial method

A

PdCl2 as catalyst
CuCl2 as promoter

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9
Q

dry distillation of calcium formate form

A

formaldehyde

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10
Q

dry distillation of calcium acetate form

A

acetone

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11
Q

dry distillation of a mixture of calcium formate and calcium acetate form

A

Acetaldehyde / formaldehyde/ acetone

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12
Q

during dry distillation of a mixture of calcium acetate and calcium, the interaction between two acetates form

A

acetone

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13
Q

during dry distillation of a mixture of calcium acetate and calcium, the interaction between two formates form

A

formaldehyde

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14
Q

most of the reagents add to carbonyl group by _______ reaction

A

addition

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15
Q

polarity of carbonyl group is due to

A

the oxygen atom of carbonyl group being electronegative attracts the pi electrons towards itself making the group polar

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16
Q

the electronic configuration around the carbonyl group is

A

unsymmertrical

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17
Q

most of the reactions of carbonyl group is considered to be _______ addition

A

neucleophilic

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18
Q

the initial attack of nucleophile is on ___ of carbonyl compound

A

carbon

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19
Q

what is the difference in the adducts formed in acid and base-catalyzed reaction

A

whether the addition is acid catalyzed or base catalyzed the adduct is the same

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20
Q

how a base catalyze the nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl compounds

A

it increases the nucleophilic character of nucleophile

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21
Q

how an acid catalyzes the nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl compounds

A

it increases the electrophilic character of carbonyl carbon

22
Q

hydrogen cyanide adds to aldehydes and ketones to form

A

cyanohydrins

23
Q

the cyanogroup of cyanohydrin is hydrolyzed by an aqueous acid into a

A

carboxylic acid

24
Q

acetaldehyde cyanohydrin is hydrolyzed to give

A

lactic acid

25
Q

the reation in which cyanohydrins of carbonyl compounds are hydrolyzed is used to synthesize

A

alpha hydroxy acids

26
Q

alpha hydroxy acids formed by the hydrolysis of cyanohydrins have carbon atoms

A

one more carbon atom than the no of carbon atoms in the starting aldehydes and ketones

27
Q

nucleophilicity of hydrogen cyanide

A

hydrogen cyanide itself is not very nucleophilic and does not ionize to form cyanide ions to a significant extent. Thus a source of cyanide ions such as KCN or NaCN is used

28
Q

reaction of Grignard reagent with a carbonyl compound

A

grignard reagents react with aldehydes and ketones to give adducts which on hydrolysis with dilute mineral acids give alcohols

29
Q

which ketones react with sodium bisulphite

A

methyl ketones

30
Q

aldehydes and methyl ketones react with a saturated solution of sodium bisulphite to form a ___________ adduct

A

crystalline white precipitates of sodium bisulphite

31
Q

the reaction of carbonyl compounds with sodium bisulphite is used for

A

separation and purification of carbonyl compounds from non carbonyl compounds

32
Q

in addition product of sodium bisuphite the carbon atom is bonded to suphure due to

A

because sulphur is more nucleophilic than oxygen

33
Q

which aldehydes and ketones are used in aldol condensation

A

aldehydes and ketones possessing alpha hydrogen

34
Q

during aldol condensation the aldehydes and ketones react with

A

cold dilute solution of an alkali

35
Q

the name aldol is given due

A

the product contain both aldehyde and alcohol group

36
Q

the name aldol condensation is reserved for

A

reactions that start with two identical carbonyl compounds

37
Q

the aldol compound readily loses water on heating in the presence of dilute acid to give

A

unsaturated carbonyl compound

38
Q

the nucleophile in aldol condensation reaction is

A

carbanion

39
Q

which aldehydes undergo cannizarro reaction

A

aldehydes having no alpha hydrogen

40
Q

cannizarro reaction is a _________ reaction

A

disproportionation reaction

41
Q

during cannizarro reaction the molecule of aldehyde which is being converted into alcohal is

A

reduced

42
Q

during cannizarro reaction the aldehyde molecule which is being converted into acid is

A

oxidized

43
Q

the cannizarro reaction is carried out in the presence of

A

50 percent sodium hydroxide

44
Q

the nucleophile in cannizarro reaction is

A

hydroxide ion

45
Q

which carbonyl compounds undergo haloform reactio

A

only acetaldehyde and methyl ketones

46
Q

which alcohols give haloform reaction

A

secondary alcohols
and ethanol is only primary alcohol that gives haloform reaction

47
Q

which primary alcohol gives haloform reaction

A

ethanol

48
Q

haloform reaction is used to convert methyl ketone to

A

carboxylic acids

49
Q

the carboxylic acids formed by the haloform reaction contain carbon atoms

A

one less than the parent comound

50
Q

idofrom is

A

insoluble yellow solid

51
Q

uses of idoform test

A

to distinguish
methyl ketones from other ketones
ethanol from methanol and other primary alcohols
acetaldehydes from other aldehydes

Chemistry (5 decks)

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