Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cology 2 Exam 1 > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What mediates Alcohol’s amnestic effects?

A

Inhibited NMDA receptor function

NMDA mediates memory and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What mediates Alcohol’s euphoric effect?

A

Increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What mediates Alcohol’s sedative effects?

A

Enhanced GABA-A receptor function

Chloride conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What mediate’s Alcohol causing coma/death?

A

Inhibiting voltage-sensitive calcium channels

Fluidizing cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What blood alc conc leads to the first signs of intoxication?

A

20 mg%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What blood alc conc leads to being legally impaired in many states?

A

50 mg%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What blood alc conc makes you 7x more likely to cause an accident?

A

100 mg%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What blood alc conc makes you 25x more likely to cause an accident?

A

150 mg%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What blood alc conc is lethal?

A

400 mg%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

One drink per hour will lead to what blood alc conc?

A

30 mg%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between first signs of intoxication and lethal dose?

A

20 fold difference

STEEP dose response curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do we get easily dehydrated when we drink?

A

Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion; decreases renal reabsorption of water, we pee more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is alcohol metabolized?

A

90-90% hepatic (mostly dehydrogenase, some CYP2E1), the rest is excreted unchanged by the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is ethanol metabolized in the liver?

A

Ethanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (zero order kinetics) to acetaldehyde, using NADH to NAD+

Acetaldehyde is then metabolized by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (first order kinetics) to Acetyl CoA, using NADH to NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does chronic alcohol use affect ethanol metabolism?

A

Upregulation of alcohol dehydrogenase

Down regulation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How fast is alcohol metabolized?

A

7-10 g/hr or 14-20 mg%/hr

Avg drink has 14 g ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can you treat methanol intoxication?

A

Ethanol or fomepizol
Ethanol will use up the alcohol dehydrogenase
Fomepizol blocks gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

Methanol is metabolized to formic acid - bad!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What drugs inhibit acetaldehyde dehydrogenase?

A

1st generation oral hypoglycemics, cephalosporins (don’t drink while on these meds!)

Metronidazole may in some sub-populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What drug inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase?

A

Aspirin

May promote NSAID-induced gastric bleeding (?)

20
Q

How does ethanol use affect CYP2E1?

A

Initially competes for it, so acute ethanol use will decrease metabolism of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1 (increasing levels of drugs like theophylline, APAP, etc)

Chronic use results in induction of CYP2E1, so drug levels decrease because they are metabolized faster

21
Q

What pharmacokinetic changes contribute to ethanol tolerance?

A

Increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase

Increased induction of CYP2E1

22
Q

What pharmacodynamic changes contribute to ethanol tolerance?

A

Glutamate receptor up-regulation
Decreased GABA-A receptor function
Increased membrane rigidity

23
Q

In pts who are dependent on alcohol, what occurs 2-24 hours after they stop drinking?

A

Tremors, sleeplessness, irritability, seizures

24
Q

In pts who are dependent on alcohol, what occurs 24-48 hours after they stop drinking?

A

Delirium, fever, vivid hallucinations

25
Q

In pts who are dependent on alcohol, what occurs 3 days after they stop drinking?

A

Exhaustion, CV collapse

26
Q

In pts who are dependent on alcohol, what occurs 5-7 days after they stop drinking?

A

Recovery, or 15% mortality

Have to treat alcohol w/d by giving GABA agonists such as BDZ’s

27
Q

What is Protracted Withdrawal Symptom?

A

Prolonged symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

Symptoms include anxiety, drug cravings, anhedonia, and headache

28
Q

Why does ethanol have such a high abuse liability?

A

It increases dopamine and taurine from mesolimbic areas

It alters endogenous opioid systems

Ethanol also thought to induce damage to the prefrontal cortex (kills part of the brain that says hey stop drinking)

Abuse liability increases with combined abuse (ie nicotine)

29
Q

Which drug treatment for alcoholics punishes ethanol drinking?

A

Disulfuram - disulfuram reaction, inhibits acetaldehyde dehhydrogenase to increase acetaldehyde levels when they drink to increase bad effects

30
Q

Which drug treatment for alcoholics decreases incidence of alcohol withdrawal seizures?

A

Diazepam - long acting BDZ, restores GABA activity

31
Q

Which drug treatment for alcoholics decreases withdrawal-associated anxiety?

A

Ondansetron - 5HT3 antagonist

32
Q

Which drug treatment for alcoholics decreases positive reinforcing effects?

A

Naltrexone (blocks endogenous opioids that are increased in alcoholics that causes cravings?)

33
Q

Which drug treatment for alcoholics decreases positive and negative reinforcing effects?

A

Acamprosate

34
Q

Which drug treatment decreases cravings and withdrawal anxiety (hint: intranasal)?

A

Oxytocin

35
Q

Which drug treatment is an antiepileptic, decreases cravings, increases abstinence?

A

Topiramate

36
Q

Alcohol toxicity can lead to serious neurological and mental disorder. What example did she give? What leads to this?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff’s Psychosis

Atrophy of cerebellum, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

37
Q

What contributes to nutritional deficiency in alcoholics?

A

Ethanol decreases absorption of vitamins A, D, and thiamine

38
Q

What GI tract damage is seen in alcoholics?

A

Esophageal reflux, gastritis, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis

39
Q

Why do alcoholics have enhanced APAP toxicity?

A

Glutathione depletion (they accumulate the active metabolite)

40
Q

What causes cirrhosis in alcoholics?

A

Increased fat and protein accumulation in the liver

41
Q

What causes necrosis and fibrosis in the liver?

A

Increased oxidative stress (think ethanol metabolism, they use NADH which is converted to NAD+)

42
Q

Drinking during the three trimesters lead to what effects?

A

1st trimester = fetal alcohol syndrome
2nd trimester = spontaneous abortions
3rd trimester = low birth weight

43
Q

What are the facial characteristics seen in FAS?

A 
Epicanthal folds
Flat midface
Low nasal bridge
Short nose
Indistinct philitrum
Thin upper lip
Micrognathia
44
Q

How much alcohol does it take to cause FAS?

A

75 mL/day (2.5-3 oz)

45
Q

What consequence of drinking during pregnancy is there other than FAS?

A

If you drink during pregnancy, you’re essentially guaranteed to cause Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental DIsorder (ARND)

Poor motor skills and coordination
Auditory and visual processing problems
Cognitive deficits
Executive function decrease

Cology 2 Exam 1 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions