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PMHP > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

Why is concentration of alcohol greater in the liver?

A

Blood comes directly to it from the stomach and small intestine via the portal vein
90% metabolised here

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2
Q

What does alcohol turn into first when absorbed into the body?

A

Acetaldehyde

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3
Q

What does acetaldehyde then turn into in the body?
What converts this?

A

Acetate
Alcohol dehydrogenase

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4
Q

What does acetate turn into in the body?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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5
Q

Why do women have a smaller blood volume than men?

A

They have lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach, so more alcohol is absorbed before it has been metabolised

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6
Q

How fast is alcohol removed from the blood?

A

At the rate of 15mg/100ml an hour

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7
Q

How many units should someone not consume more than a week?
What should you do if you regularly consume more than this?

A

14 units
If you consume more than 14 units per week regularly, it is best to spread your drinking evenly over 3 or more days

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8
Q

What are some gastrointestinal tract medical problems associated with chronic heavy drinking? Name 2

A

–liver problems
–GI bleeding
–oral, oesophageal, stomach, bowel cancer
–acute gastritis
–pancreatic disease
–obesity and malnutrition
–vitamin deficiency- folic acid, vitamin B12, B2, E, B1 and D

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9
Q

What are some heart medical problems associated with chronic heavy drinking? Name 2

A

Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac arrhythmias
Hypertension
Increased triglycerides and LDL cholesterol

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10
Q

What are some blood medical problems associated with chronic heavy drinking? Name 2

A

Macrocytosis
Thrombocytopenia
Leucopoenia

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11
Q

What are some skin, muscle, nerves and bone problems associated with chronic heavy drinking? Name 2

A

Acute or chronic myopathy
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia

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12
Q

What are some nervous system problems associated with chronic heavy drinkers? Name 2

A

Epilepsy
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Cerebral atrophy
Renal

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13
Q

How common is Steatosis (fatty liver) in drinkers?

A

Occurs in most people that consume alcohol daily

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14
Q

What is Steatohepatitis?

A

Characterised by hepatic steatosis, inflammation and increased hepatocyte death
Usually an immediate stage between simple fatty liver and cirrhosis

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15
Q

What are some problems associated with liver disease?

A

Reduced synthesis of clotting factors in damaged liver
Platelet aggregation is reduced
Thrombocytopenia due to splenomegaly associated with partial hypertension
Reduced absorption of Vitamin K (factors II, VII, IX,X)
Megakaryocyte maturation is reduced
Leads to prolonged bleeding

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16
Q

What effect does heavy drinking have on drug metabolism in patients without liver damage?

A

Induces liver enzymes
This can increase the metabolism of some drugs
More rapid destruction
Reduced plasma concentration
Lack of effects

17
Q

What effect does liver damage have on drug metabolism?

A

Reduced drug metabolism
–LA, analgesia, sedatives and antibiotics
Warfarin is enhanced with regular consumption of more than 3 units a day
Alcohol will interact with drugs to produce a sedative effect on the nervous system and increase or prolong the effect

18
Q

What effect does disulfiram have on alcohol?
What is this used in?
Other drugs that cause this reaction?

A

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde builds up and nausea and vomiting occur if alcohol is consumed
Used in alcohol treatments (other drugs also cause this reaction; metronidazole, cephalosporins, ketoconazole)

19
Q

What is Cardiomyopathy?

A

Degenerative heart disease with no coronary artery disease
Well established complication of chronic alcohol abuse

20
Q

What effect does alcohol have on strokes?

A

Light to moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk of ischaemic stroke
Consumption of 5 or more drinks per day increases the risk of stroke by 250-450%

21
Q

What are the Cardio-Protective Effects of alcohol?

A

Moderate alcohol intake is associated with decreased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD)
Benefit particularly in older men and post-menopause women

22
Q

How many times increase does heavy drinking and smoking have on oral cancer?

A

38x

23
Q

How does alcohol influence non-carious tooth surface loss?

A

Alcohol is very acidic
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)- acid in alcohol directly relaxes the oesophageal sphincter
More vomiting

24
Q

How many units are in a small, medium and large glass of wine?

A

small-1.5 units
medium- 2 units
large- 3 units

25
Q

How many units are in a single shot of spirit?

A

1 units

26
Q

How many units are in a pint of beer?

A

3 units

27
Q

What is the definition of hazardous drinking?

A

Risks for problems are likely

28
Q

What is the definition of harmful drinking?

A

Problems associated with alcohol are usually present

29
Q

What is the definition of dependent drinking?

A

Alcohol is needed to function

30
Q

What is the purpose of alcohol screening?

A

The purpose of screening is to identify people who need more comprehensive assessment for substance misuse disorders

31
Q

What are some examples of screening tools?
3 examples

A

AUDIT
PAT
FAST

32
Q

What can influence a persons readiness to change?

A

A time when people may be more receptive to change
It may be
–after witnessing someone else being injured
–after experiencing other negative consequences of drinking
–need to be able to relate the adverse effect to drinking

33
Q

What is the Cycle of Change?

A

Precontemplative
Contemplative
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse

PMHP (7 decks)

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