AIS 9

Question 1

A specific data file was created for each application ​

Answer 1

File-oriented processing

Question 2

Create a single data repository to support numerous applications.​

Answer 2

Data-oriented processing

Question 3

creates excessive storage costs of paper documents and/or magnetic form​

Answer 3

Data Storage

Question 4

any changes or additions must be performed multiple times​

Answer 4

Data Updating

Question 5

potential problem of failing to update all affected files​

Answer 5

Currency of Information

Question 6

user’s inability to obtain additional information as his or her needs change​

Answer 6

Task-Data Dependency

Question 7

Data is stored only once, eliminating data redundancy and reducing storage costs.​

Answer 7

No data redundancy

Question 8

Because data is in only one place, it requires only a single update, reducing the time and cost of keeping the database current.​

Answer 8

Single update

Question 9

A change to the database made by any user yields current data values for all other users.​

Answer 9

Current values

Question 10

As users’ information needs expand, the new needs can be more easily satisfied than under the flat-file approach. ​

Answer 10

Task-data independence

Question 11

stands between the user and the database per se.​

Answer 11

The database management system (DBMS)

Question 12

user created applications​

Answer 12

Program Development

Question 13

copies database​

Answer 13

Backup and Recovery

Question 14

captures statistics on database usage (who, when, etc.)​

Answer 14

Database Usage Reporting

Question 15

authorizes access to sections of the database​

Answer 15

Database Access

Question 16

makes the presence of the DBMS transparent to the user​

Answer 16

User Programs

Question 17

allows authorized users to access data without programming​

Answer 17

Direct Query

Question 18

is a programming language used to define the database per se. ​

It identifies the names and the relationship of all data elements, records, and files that constitute the database.​

Answer 18

DDL

Question 19

physical arrangement of records (1 view)​

Answer 19

Internal view

Question 20

representation of database (1 view)​

Answer 20

Conceptual view (schema)

Question 21

the portion of the database each user views (many views) ​

Answer 21

User view (subschema)

Question 22

is the proprietary programming language that a particular DBMS uses to retrieve, process, and store data to / from the database.​

Answer 22

Data Manipulation Language (DML)​

Question 23

The query capability permits end users and professional programmers to access data in the database without the need for conventional programs.​

Answer 23

Query Language

Question 24

is a fourth-generation language that has emerged as the standard query language.​

Answer 24

IBM’s structured query language (SQL)

Question 25

Adopted by ANSI as the standard language for all relational databases​

Answer 25

IBM’s structured query language (SQL)

Question 26

Refers to the particular method used to organize records in a database​ A.k.a. “logical data structures”​

Answer 26

Database Conceptual Models​

Question 27

portrays data in the form of two dimensional ‘tables’.​

Answer 27

The Relational Model​

Question 28

is based on the relational algebra functions of restrict, project, and join.​

Answer 28

Relational model

Question 29

the labeled line connecting two entities or tables in a data model Describes the nature of the between them ​ Represented with a verb, such as ships, requests, or receives​

Answer 29

Association

Question 30

the degree of association between two entities​ The number of possible occurrences in one table that are associated with a single occurrence in a related table​ Used to determine primary keys and foreign keys​

Answer 30

Cardinality

Question 31

A new item cannot be added to the table until at least one entity uses a particular attribute item.​

Answer 31

Insertion Anomaly

Question 32

If an attribute item used by only one entity is deleted, all information about that attribute item is lost.​

Answer 32

Deletion Anomaly

Question 33

A modification on an attribute must be made in each of the rows in which the attribute appears.​

Answer 33

Update Anomaly

Question 34

Anomalies can be corrected by creating additional

Answer 34

relational tables

Question 35

users can form ad hoc relationships​

Answer 35

Very flexible

Question 36

A process which systematically splits unnormalized complex tables into smaller tables

Answer 36

The Normalization Process​

Question 37

can generate conflicting and obsolete database values.​

Answer 37

Update anomalies

Question 38

can result in unrecorded transactions and incomplete audit trails.​

Answer 38

Insertion anomalies

Question 39

can cause the loss of accounting records and the destruction of audit trails.​

Answer 39

Deletion anomalies

Question 40

should understand the data normalization process and be able to determine whether a database is properly normalized.​

Answer 40

Accountants

Question 41

is organized around several information processing units (IPUs) distributed throughout the organization. ​

Answer 41

Distributed Data Processing (DDP)​

Question 42

The data is retained in a central location. ​ Remote IPUs send requests for data.​ Central site services the needs of the remote IPUs.​ The actual processing of the data is performed at the remote IPU.​

Answer 42

Centralized Databases in DDP Environment​

Question 43

Occurs in DDP with a centralized database​ During transaction processing, data will temporarily be inconsistent as records are read and updated. ​

Answer 43

Data Currency​

Question 44

procedures are necessary to keep IPUs from reading inconsistent data and from writing over a transaction being written by another IPU.​

Answer 44

Database lockout

Question 45

Splits the central database into segments that are distributed to their primary users​

Answer 45

Distributed Databases: Partitioning​

Question 46

Occurs when multiple sites lock each other out of data that they are currently using ​ One site needs data locked by another site.​

Answer 46

The Deadlock Phenomenon​

Question 47

The duplication of the entire database for multiple IPUs​ Effective for situations with a high degree of data sharing, but no primary user​ Supports read-only queries​ Data traffic between sites is reduced considerably.​

Answer 47

Distributed Databases: Replication​

Question 48

is the presence of complete and accurate data at all IPU sites.

Answer 48

Database concurrency

Question 49

is used to serialize transactions.​ Prevents and resolves conflicts created by updating data at various IPUs​

Answer 49

Time stamping