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Anatomy > AIRWAY > Flashcards

AIRWAY Flashcards

1
Q

oxygen levels should be between?

A

92-96%

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2
Q

what does the brain need to survive?

A

oxygen and sugar

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3
Q

what is the major causes of preventable death

A

not having a clear airway

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4
Q

Why is it that having a clear airway is sometimes ignored and causes death?

A

1-basic techniques prevented
2-rush to advanced interventions
3-failure to reassess patients (every 5 minutes or whenever you do an intervention

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5
Q

what does our airway do for us?

A

warm, filter, humidify air

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6
Q

3 structures of airway

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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7
Q

if foreign object gets into airway it is called

A

aspiration pneumonia

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8
Q

bulls eye test meaning?

A

to check if cerebral spinal fluid is coming out of the nose with blood

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9
Q

what is the most common way of airway destruction?

A

the tongue

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10
Q

voice box is called?

A

larynx

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11
Q

what do we have to make sure we have in order to ventilate a patient?

A

open airway

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12
Q

intercostal retraction means?

A

breathing through ribs

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13
Q

lean forward is what position

A

tripod position

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14
Q

when someones having intercostal retractions, what immediate management is used?

A

oxygen therpy

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15
Q

meaning of SAMPLE

A

S-signs and symptoms
A-allergies
M-medications
P-past medical history
L-last intake
E-Events leading to incident

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16
Q

what’s the pathway of oxygen coming into the lungs list them in order

A

trachea
main bronchi
smaller bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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17
Q

what do we call a collapsed alveoli?

A

atelactasis

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18
Q

where does most of the gas exchange occur?

A

alveoli

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19
Q

volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single respiratory cycle in adults? children?

A

adults- 5-7ml per kg
children-6-8ml per kg

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20
Q

After the age of 1, how to calculate weight for a child? (till age of 8)

A

age x 2 +10=____ kg

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21
Q

how to calculate weight for children under 1?

A

by the month so if 7 months then 7 kg

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22
Q

what is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a single respiratory cycle called?

A

tidal volume

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23
Q

when the respiratory rate is higher, what is the tidal volume higher or lower?

A

lower

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24
Q

how many breaths a minute is ideal?

A

12 -20

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25
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the amount of air that you cn exhale following normal exhalation 1200ml

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26
Q

what is residual volume capacity?

A

the amount of air that can be forced from the lungs in a single exhalation 1200ml

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27
Q

what is FiO2

A

fraction of inspired oxygen, the amount of oxygen in inhaled air, which is usually 21-22%

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28
Q

explain the NRB?

A

non rebreathing mask
10-15 litres of oxyen coming out of the tank per minute
93%

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29
Q

explain BVM

A

bag valve mask
15-20 litres of O2/min
100%

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30
Q

explain face mask

A

6-10 litres of O2/min
60%

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31
Q

explain nasal canula

A

1-6 litres of oxygen/min
24-44%

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32
Q

what is the condition of when body tissues don’t receive enough oxygen?

A

hypoxia

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33
Q

what are the causes of decreased oxygen?

A

-low pressure of atmospheric oxygen
-severe bleeding
-anemia

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34
Q

what are the conditions that reduce the surface air for gas exchange?

A

-flail chest
-diaphragm injury
-pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
-hemothorax (blood accumulates between lungs and chest)
-hemopnemothorax

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35
Q

what is inspiration?

A

process of moving air into the lungs

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36
Q

what is expiration?

A

process of moving air out of the lungs

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37
Q

what are the 2 types of motor nerves that affect breathing

A

phrenic nerve
inercostal nerve

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38
Q

what are the dorsal cavities?

A

cranial and spinal cavities

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39
Q

what are the ventral cavities?

A

mediastinum, plural, abdominal and pelvic cavities

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40
Q

what are the four quadrants?

A

right upper
right lower
left upper
left lower

41
Q

what does LUQ (left upper quadrant) consist of?

A

-stomach
-spleen
-part of small small intestine
-left kidney
-portions of large intestine
-body and tail of pancreas

42
Q

what does the RUQ (right upper quadrant) consist of?

A

-liver
-gallbladder
-part of small intestine
-right kidney
-portions of large intestine
-the head of the pancreas

43
Q

what does the LLQ (left lower quadrant) consist of?

A

-sigmoid colon(s shaped section of large intestine)
-left ovary and fallopian tube
-left uterer
–left kidney
-left bladder

44
Q

what does the RLQ (right lower quadrant)consist of?

A

-appendix
-part of small intestine
-cecum (first part of large intestine)
-right ovary and fallopian tube
-right urether

45
Q

the total lung capacity in an average adult is?

A

6 L

46
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

its a measure of the depth of breathing, is the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled during a single respiratory cycle

47
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

is the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume.

48
Q

what is dead space?

A

is any portion of the airway where air lingers but does not participate in gas exchange

49
Q

what is functional residual capacity

A

the amount of air that can be forced from the lungs in a single exhalation

50
Q

how does each ventilation cycle work?

A

one ventilation cycle consists of one inspiration which occupies one third of the ventilation cycle and one expiration, which occupies the remaining two thirds.

51
Q

what do chemoreceptors do?

A

they monitor the levels of O2 and CO2 in the blood and the PH of the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and provide feedback to the respiraoty cemtres to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs

52
Q

how does hypoventilation occur?

A

if carbon dioxide production exceeds the body’s ability to eliminate it by ventilation, the level of CO2 rises to produce hypoventilation,

53
Q

PaCO2

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

54
Q

how does hyperventilation occur?

A

occurs when carbon dioxide elimination exceeds carbon dioxide production

55
Q
A
56
Q

visual observation of patent airway,things to check

A

-How is the patient positioned?
-Is the patient experiencing orthopnea?
-is rise and fall of the chest adequate?
-Is the patient gasping for air
-what is the skin colour?
-is there flaring of the nostrils
-is the patient breathing through pursed lips
-do you note any retractions
-is the patient using accessory muscles to breath
-is the patients chest wall moving symmetrically
is a patient taking quick breaths followed by a prolonged exhalation

57
Q

what is orthopnea?

A

is shortness of breath that occurs when you lie down, but improves when you sit up or stand

58
Q

signs of inadequate breathing

A

slow, <12 breaths/min or fast >20 breaths/min
shallow breathing(reduced tidal volume)
Adventitious (abnormal breath sounds)
altered mental status
cyanosis (blue or purple skin)

59
Q

auscultation meaning

A

listening to breath sounds with a stethoscope

60
Q

what questions to ask for patients history of present illness

A

-was the onset of the problem sudden or gradual over time
-is there any known cause or trigger of the event
-what is the duration
-does anything alleviate or exacerbate the problem
-are there any other symptoms like a productive cough, chest pain or pressure, or fever
-were any interventions attempted prior to your arrival
-has the patient been evaluated by a physician or been admitted in the hospital in the last year for this condition
-is the patient taking any medication

61
Q

what are protective reflexes of the airway

A

-coughing
-sneezing
-gagging
-gag reflex
-aspiration
-sighing
-hiccuping

62
Q

what are 5 abnormal respiratory patterns

A

-Apneustic respirations
-Agonal respirations
-Biot respirations
-Cheyne-stokes respirations
-Kussmaul respirations

63
Q

explain apneustic respirations

A

prolonged gasping inhalation followed by short exhalation

64
Q

explain agonal respirations

A

slow shallow, irregular, gasping,may be seen briefly after the heart has stopped

65
Q

explain Biot respirations

A

irregular pattern, rate, and depth, with intermittent periods of apnea

66
Q

explain cheyne-stokes respiration

A

is a rhythmic breathing pattern alternating between hyperventilating and period of apnea

67
Q

explain kussmaul respirations

A

deep rapid respirations seen in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

68
Q

circumstances that might produce errors during pulse oximetry

A

-bright ambient light
-patient motion
-poor perfusion
-nailpolish
-venous pulsations
-abnormal hemoglobin

69
Q

normal PH blood gas value is

A

7.35 - 7.45

70
Q

what is a capnometer?

A

provides quantitative information, detects and measures exhaled carbon dioxide levels.

71
Q

what is capnographer

A

provides quantitative,graphic representation of exhaled carbon dioxide levels

72
Q

what is waveform capnography

A

provides constitutive real time information regarding patients exhaled carbon dioxide levels.

73
Q

what are causes of airway obstruction

A

-severe allergic reaction
-tongue
-foreign body
-laryngeal spasm or edema
-laryngeal injury
-aspiration
-

74
Q

How to recognize a severe airway obstruction

A

-patient cant breathe, talk or cough
-gasps at his/her throat
-begins to turn cyanotic
intercostal muscles
-hypoxic

75
Q

meaning of dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

76
Q

dyspnea can lead to

A

hypoxemia
hypoxia
anoxia

77
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

78
Q

explain P1, P2,P3,P4
(refer to the drawing)

A

P1- Respiratory baseline
P2- Expiratory upstroke
P3- Expiratory plateau (this is where end tidal gets measured)
P4- Inspiratory downstroke

79
Q

How long do you suction in adults and children?

A

adults - 15 seconds
children - 10 seconds

80
Q

how do you insert the catheder suction?

A

insert iton your way out not on your way in, in circular or zigzag motion

81
Q

how much mmHg for oral suctioning for adults, children and infants

A

adults - 500 -550 mmHg
children - 200 -220 mmHg
infants - 80 -100 mmHg

82
Q

what is a laryngectomy?

A

is a surgical procedure that removes part or all of the larynx

83
Q

what is tracheostomy?

A

its a surgical procedure that an opening in the neck to help a person breath. A tube is usually inserted

84
Q

what is a stoma suction valve?

A

its a device that allows air to be released from or added to a stoma pouch. It is used for ballooning or vacuum creation

85
Q

what is closed suctioning used for?

A

it is used for patients who have had a laryngectomy or a tracheostomy (any artificial airways)

86
Q

For closed suctioning how much mmHg is used for adults, children and infants?

A

infants - 60 -100 mmHg
1-12 years -100-120 mmHg
12 and over-100-150mmHg

87
Q

what are the 2 types of choking?

A

-tracheal choking
-esophageal choking

88
Q

what are airway adjuncts?

A

are devices and techniques that help maintain an open airway

89
Q

what are the 2 types of airway adjuncts?

A

-Oropharyhngeal airway (OPA)
-Nasopharyngeal airway
(NPA)

90
Q

what is nasopharyngeal airway NPA?

A

A soft tube that is allows air to flow from the nose to the pharynx. It is used for basic airway management

91
Q

what is Oropharyngeal airway OPA?

A

a J-shaped device that fits over the tongue to keep it from blocking the pharynx

92
Q

make sure oxygen cylinders are labelled?

A

medical oxygen

93
Q

what are the 2 cylinders mostly used?

A

D & M

94
Q

How much oxygen does the D and the M cylinder contain?

A

D - 350 L
M -3450 L

95
Q

what do high pressure regulators do?

A

used to transfer cylinder gas from tank to tank

96
Q

pressure of gas in a full oxygen cylinder is approximately?

A

2000psi

97
Q

what does a therapy regulator do?

A

controls gas flow from the oxygen cylinder to the patient reduces the gas flow to a safe amount (about 50psi)

98
Q

what is a flowmeter?

A

usually permanently attached to the therapy regulator delivers oxygen with a range of 1-25 L/min

99
Q
A

Anatomy (9 decks)

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