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airway Flashcards

1
Q

NAP 4 questions

A

what type of airway device and how often
how often do major complications leading to serious harm occur in icu, ed, anaesthetics
what is the nature and what can we learn

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2
Q

themes relevant to critical care

A

1 in 4 events in icu or ed and more likely to lead to permanent harm or death
- 61% on icu
failure to use capnography on ice contributed to more than 70% deaths
displaced ett and trachea on icu greatest morbidity and mortality
poor airway assessment contributed to poor outcomes
failure to plan for failure
multiple repeated attempts at intubation
failure to correctly interpret capnography
1/3 events on extubations

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3
Q

limitations of airway assessment in critically ill

A
  • reduced patient capacity to comply
  • urgency
  • patient distress
  • oxygen dependency
    human factors - cognitive overload, inadequate lighting, availability of clinical records, variable expertise
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4
Q

Airway assessments

A

Mallampati score
collateral / previous anaesthetics
MACOCHA - validated in ICU
- Mallampati 3-4
- osA
- cervical spine immobility
- mouth Opening < 3cm
- coma GCS < 11
- Hypoxaemia < 80%
- Non-anaesthetist
Nasendoscopy / CT

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5
Q

Increase difficulty in ICU patients

A

Pathology - ENT malignancy, epiglottis, supraglottitis, facial trauma, tracheostomy
altered physiology - hypoxia, sepsis
environment - ergonomics not set up for airway, crowding equipment, variable skills of assistants
intubation - equipment, monitoring, large tube

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6
Q

Positive influence on intubations

A

Human factors
- use of checklist
- role allocation
- ODP / trained assistant
Procedure
- Plan A - D
- VL first line
- positioning / location
- pre-oxygenated with HFNO / CPAP
- appropriate use of RSI / DSI

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7
Q

situations which may lead to airway complications

A
  • intubation
  • extubation
  • tracheal tube change
  • tracheostomy insertion
  • routine care - rolling etc - airway occlusion dislodgment, malfunction
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8
Q

stridor

A

harsh sound caused by partial upper airway occlusion leading to turbulent air flow
- inspiratory - extra-thoracic airway obstruction (at or above VCs)
- expiratory - intra-thoracic airway obstruction (below VCs)
- biphasic
Stertor - partial obstruction at level of pharynx / oropharynx

I critical care
- anaphylaxis
- trauma
- infection
- laryngeal dysfunction from airway devices

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9
Q

post-extubation stridor

A
  • laryngospasm, arytenoid cartilage dislocation, laryngeal nerve palsy, granulation tissue, laryngeal oedema
  • risk factors for laryngeal oedema - ENT infection,, prolonged intubation, large ETT, high cuff pressure, difficult intubation, obesity
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10
Q

cuff leak test

A

provide information about laryngeal swelling
deflating cuff allows gas to escape around
auditory detection or measure on ventilator
- record insp / exp Vt
- deflate cuff
- record exp Vt over 6 breathing cycles, average lowest 3
- cuff leak volume = inspiratory Vt pre test -(average exp Vt)
- 110ml / 10-15% acceptable

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11
Q

Mx post extubation stridor

A

respiratory distress likely to require emergency re-intubation
rescue maneouvres - Iv steroid, nebuliser adrenaline, HFNO / CPAP and plan for reintubation

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12
Q

Severe croup

A
  • FiO2 > 40%
  • lethargy / reduced GCS
  • minimal response to nebulised adrenaline/ steroids
  • signs of respiratory distress
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13
Q

Management of stridor in children

A
  • avoid distress e.g. cannulas, observations
  • nebulised adrenaline 0.5ml/kg 1:1000, oral dexamethasone 0.6mg/kg, nebulised budesonide
  • treat underlying cause e.g. antibiotics
  • early escalation to anaesthetics
    intubation
  • inhaled induction vs IV
  • theatre environment
  • checklist
  • ENT
  • rigid bronch / tracheostomy
  • senior operated
  • VL
  • Range of ETT sizes
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14
Q

Anaphylaxis definition

A

Serious systemic hypersensitivity reaction
usually rapid in onset
may cause death
Diagnosis highly likely when
- acute onset skin / mucosal sx + 1 of
- respiratory compromise
- hyopitension
- GI symptoms
Acute onset of any of the following after exposure to known, highly probably allergen
- hypotension - sBP > 30% decrease in baseline
- bronchospasm
- laryngeal involvement

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15
Q

WAO systemic allergic reaction classification

A

Gr 1 - 1 organ system (cutaneous / URT / conjunctival / other)
Gr 2 - > 2 organ systems
Gr 3 - lower airway - mild bronchospasm, abdo cramps, any features from 1-2
Gr 4 - severe bronchospasm, stridor
Gr 5 - resp failure, CVS collapse, LOC

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16
Q

causes of anaphylaxis

A

Food - nuts, fruits
insect stings
drugs
Nap6 - ABX (penicillin, teicoplanin), NMBD, chlorehxidine

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17
Q

pathophysiology of anaphylactic shock

A
  • mast cell degranulation –> histamine
  • distributive shock
  • vasodilation
  • capillary leak
  • reduced venous return / CO / coronary perfusion
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18
Q

Mx anaphylaxis

A

A-E
remove prcipitant
adrenaline IM and repeat after 4mins
high flow O2
crystalloid bolus
refractory if no improvement after 2 doses adrenaline - adrenaline infusion. 5 minutely IM until ready. fluid boluses.
peripheral adrenaline - 1mg in 100ml (10mcg/ml) 1ml/kg/hr start and titrate
2nd line - NA, VP, metaraminol
ECMO

adrenaline dosing
- IV 10-100mcg IV
- IM 0.5ml 1:1000 (1mg/ml) i.e. 500mch
- 6-12 - 0.3ml
- 6mo - 6yrs - 0.15ml
- < 6mo 0.1ml

steroid / antihistamine de-emphasised
severe bronchospasm - nebulised dilators, IV salbutamol

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19
Q

anaphylaxis follow up

A
  • education
  • speclialist allergy clinic
  • adrenaline inector
  • yellow card / local reporting
  • mast cell trytase - early as possible, 1-2hrs, > 24hrs
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20
Q

anaphylaxis minmics

A

angioedema= swelling od subdermis, face, airway
causes of angioedema + urticaria
chronic inducible urticaria - idiopathic / heat / cold
autoimmune = SLE
systemic mastocytosis
angiodema without urticaria
- idpatgic
- autoimmune
- hereditary angiodema - C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
- ACE-1
drug related
- insect bites

heridatory angiodema - recurrent episodes of angiodema, unresponsive to adrenaline, no clear allergen
- C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate
- kvllikrein inhitor
- FFP

21
Q

Choking BLS

A

Adults
- encourage cough
- if ineffective - 5 back blows
- if ineffective 5 abdo thrusts
- alternate
- CPR if unresponsive
Infant
- head down prone on lap
- 5 back blows
- head down supine - 5 chest thrusts
Child > 1 yr
- head down or leaning forward
- 5 back blow
- 5 abdo thrusts
ineffective - paed BLS

22
Q

Acute aspiration

A

inhalation of foreign material / gastric contents below the VCs
solid / liquid
chemical pneumonitis - mendelson syndrome
pneumonia - colonised orogastric contents

23
Q

Risks in critical care

A

patient
- obesity
- severe GORD
- delayed gastric emptying - opioids
Iatrogenic
- supine position
- sedation / paralysis

bacterial colonisation - acid suppression, enteral feed, elderly

presenting - at time of intubation, witnessed, airway obstruction (blood, clot), VAP, lobar collapse

24
Q

Aspiration Mx in critical care

A

A-E
manage choking
suction airway
recovery position if appripiate
decompress stomach
intubate
chest physio / bronchoscopy
supportive therapy - LPV, antimicrobials

25
Aspiration prevention
airway protection if indicated RSI Avoid GI stasis Aspiration of NG before procedures Avoid excessive sedation
26
Inhalation injury
Pathology associated with inhaling hot smoke, leading to mucosal damage in oral cavity and respiratory tract, lung parenchymal injury and absorption of toxic substances
27
Pathophysiology of inhalation injury
heat - burns to airway and lower respiratory tract - progressive oedema particulate matter / irritants - increased airway resistance and WOB - inflammatory cascade ROS Asphyxiation - low FiO2 - CO intoxication - Hydrogen cyanide
28
Indications for intubation in inhalation injury
- airway threatened - concerning features on examination - humanitarian - facilitation of imaging Procedure - experienced operator, aim for first attempt, uncut ETT , low pressure cuff
29
difficulties in intubation following inhalation injury
- difficult preO2 - distress - difficult FMV - loss of skin, oedema - difficult laryngoscopy - oedema - risk of hypoxaemia - hyper metabolic, V/Q mismatch, toxic compounds CO . cyanide - c spine immobilisation
30
Respiratory support following inhalation injury
- LPV - bronchoscopy, lavage - nebulisers - saline, NAC - chest physio bronchial clearance - important due to increased mucuc, inactivated surfactant, injury to mucociliary escalator Nebilisers - salbutamol, NAC, heparin, saline BAL - saline / bicarb mechanical - postural, physiotherapy
31
Ludwigs angina
gangrenous cellulitis affecting soft tissues of neck and floor of mouth. profound sepsis and airway compromise causes - dental absces - parapharyngeal abscess - mandibular fracture - oral laceration predisposed - immunocompromised, poor oral hygiene, recent dental treatment
32
Concerning airway features
- generalised oedema, increased soft tissue, laryngeal oedema - drooling or inability to swallow - anterior distribution of infection - reducing effect of laryngoscopy - trismus - less mobile soft tissues - front of neck access may be difficult due to infection
33
Mx Ludwigs angina
- ENT / FNE diagnosis - dexamethasone, abx, adrenaline nebs - Supprotive mx of infection - airway protection - AFOI, awake tracheostomy - source control - surgical debrimdenet lemierres syndrome - necrobacillosis spreads to deep tissues, septic thrombophlebitis of IJV
34
massive haemoptysis
large volume haemorrhage originating within the respiratory tract relevant to critical care as patients can rapidly deteriorate - haemorrhage shock, respiratory failure, airway obstruction 100ml in 1 episode, 1000ml / 24hr / volume threatening life high mortality - asphyxiation more than exsanguination
35
Causes
- inonimate artery erosion - arteriobronchial fistula - PE / lung infarction - AV malformation - infection - TB, lung abscess, necrotising pneumonia, aspergilloma I- inflammatory - GPA, bronchiectasis - lung cancer / metastases - trauma - iatrogenic - post bronchospy
36
Mx massive haemoptysis
- airway protection - if asphyxiation risk - bronchoscopy, suction, lavage, topical adrenaline - localise site of bleeding - bronchoscopy, CT - definitive mx - IR, thoracotomy - Supportive care - oxygenation, haemorrhage management, antibiotics
37
airway mx in massive haemoptysis
issues - visual field obscured by blood - haemodynamic instability - ventilation issues due to volume of blood in airway adaptations - bleeding side down - wide bore single lumen tube to facilitate bronchoscopy - selected ventilation of contralateral lung - bronchoscope guided - occlusive catheterisation of bleeding site
38
what are the most common tracheostomy emergencies
Loss of airway - obstructed - dislodged Haemorrhage - at time of insertion - delayed e.g. trachea-innominate artery fistula air leak cuff leak
39
recognising tracheostomy emergency
airway - obstructed - unable to vocalise - air leak - snoring, stridor breathing - hypoxia, hypercapnia - respiratory distress - distress - high pressures - low Vt specific - visible displaement - blood - pain general - anxiety, restlessness, agitation
40
tracheostomy related bleeding
early < 4 days - skin / thyroid / anticoagulants late - erosion (innominate artery fistula) - granuloma - mucosal trauma risks - low placement of tracheostomy, excessive movement, overinflation, suboptimal position minor - dressing changes, topical coagulants, reviewing anticoagulants major - sit up, ENT, anaesthetist, oxygen, hyperinflation of cuff or digital compression, theatre
41
preventing tracheostomy emergenceis
training - updates, simulation, appropriate environment care - regular assessment, planned tracheostomy changes, secretion management, care of stoma site, equipment available, emergency airway responder available communication - documentation, airway sign, accurate handover
42
Effects of laryngeal complications of airway management
prolonged intubation can lead to airway dysfunction - failure of primary extubtion - slow decannulation - delayed recovery of speech, swallow, cough complications include - aspiration pneumonia - dyspjahagia - impaired airway protection
43
laryngeal complications following intubation or tracheostomy
- oedema - arytenoid dislocation - recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy - vocal cord injury - granuloma - ulceration - necrosis - submucosa (cuff pressure) - stenosis - laryngo/tracheomalacia most vulnerable - arytenoid cartilages, vocal folds, subglottis
44
risk of laryngeal injury
patient - age > 50 - high BMI - diabetes, hypertension - laryngopharyngeal reflux - malnutrition intubation - cardiac, transplant, thyroid surgery - emergency intubation - skill level of operator - bougie / stylet use post intubation - duration 6-10 days 5% risk - agitation - poor humidification
45
dysphonia
impaired voice quality - communication difficulties, low mood
46
post extubation dysphagia
occurs in 60% ICU patients requiring intubation persistent in 1/3 contributed to by cognitive impairment, residual medications, sepsis mechanical factors - duration of intubation - ETT size - mucosal inflammation - disuse muscle atrophy - laryngeal injury - laryngeal desensitisation following tracheostomy - tracheostomy results in absent / abnormal gas flow across larynx - disuse atrophy - uncoordinated glottic closure and swallow impairment
47
above cuff vocailiastion
retrograde gas flow above tracheostomy cuff and out of mouth via VCs - well positioned subglottic suction tracheostomy
48
Laryngeal complication management
- MDT - prevention - weaning and extubation / decannulation - reduce risk factors - secretion management - oedema - steroids - excessive salivation - hyoscine, glycolic - altered gas flow - speaking valve
49
tracheal stenosis
narrowing of trachea (subglottic stenosis = airway narrowing below VCs) translayryngeal intubation recognised cause - mucosal ischaemia, ulceration, fibrous scaring SOB, inspiratory stridor, expiratory wheeze dilatation / stenting / surgery high volume low pressure cuffs aim to prevent

FFICM (14 decks)

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