AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT MIDTERMS

Question 1

systematic process whereby all of the possible causes of an adverse event are evaluated and eliminated until the remaining causes are identified as applicable to that investigation

Answer 1

Accident Investigation

Question 2

if other deficiencies are identified that were not part of this accident, then?

Answer 2

the investigation team should note them and provide this information to the applicable authority

Question 3

Phases of Investigation of accidents

Answer 3

collection of data, analysis of data, presentation of findings

Question 4

Initial phase of the investigation process

Answer 4

Collection of data

Question 5

The initial phase of the investigation process should focus on?

Answer 5

defining and obtaining data relevant to the accident.

Question 6

what should be given priority when collecting data?

Answer 6

highly perishable data

Question 7

Types of data to be collected

Answer 7

accident particulars, meteorological particulars, human factors particulars

Question 8

Primary sources of such data shall be obtained from

Answer 8

flight plans, Air Traffic Services (ATS) radar data, navigation, and topographical charts

Question 9

Data collected should include

Answer 9

✓ date (UTC and LMT),
✓ time (UTC and LMT),
✓ location,
✓ general location
✓ grid reference
✓ elevation and topography
✓ departure point,
✓ cruising altitude or flight level,
✓ destination and intermediate stops (with ETAs and ETDs), and RADAR tracks.

Question 10

The forecast and local weather conditions may have significant importance on both the flight conditions and the aircraft performance

Answer 10

collection of meteorological particulars

Question 11

This data is provided from the investigation at the accident or incident site along with maintenance and manufacturing records, onboard data collection devices and laboratory analysis of aircraft components

Answer 11

collection of technical particulars

Question 12

Human factors information is sometimes the most difficult in fatal accidents because there are few witnesses to interview to confirm what actions and conditions the flight crews were experiencing

Answer 12

collection of human factors particulars

Question 13

is conducted in parallel with data collection

Answer 13

data analysis

Question 14

Often the analysis of data initiates?

Answer 14

additional questions that require further data collection, simulation and consultation.

Question 15

what is necessary as to collect and process all the necessary data?

Answer 15

Regular discussions between the various investigation team members

Question 16

Accident reports should be provided in the format identified in ICAO Annex 13 for inclusion in the ADREP database.

Answer 16

Presentation of findings

Question 17

Accident reports should be provided in the format identified in

Answer 17

ICAO Annex 13 for inclusion in the ADREP database.

Question 18

The location of the accident site must be determined and recorded. It is important to identify the point of impact and if not at the same location the position where most of the wreckage is located and the extent of the wreckage field.

Answer 18

Wreckage Investigation

Question 19

Wreckage Investigation can most easily be done by the use of?

Answer 19

Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receiver and aeronautical charts or aerial photographs.

Question 20

Location can also be achieved by?

Answer 20

plotting the bearings and distances from known positions on a large-scale map or by using aerial photography of the accident site in conjunction with a suitable map.

Question 21

should be used to establish the location of the accident in relation to airways facilities and to airports.

Answer 21

Maps of the local area and appropriate aeronautical charts

Question 22

should be used in connection with accidents occurring during the approach or take-off phase of flight

Answer 22

Airport lay-out charts and approach charts

Question 23

is an important element of the investigation process. Clear, well composed photographs allow the investigator to preserve perishable evidence, substantiate the information in the report, and illustrate the investigators conclusions.

Answer 23

Photography

Question 24

Every accident investigator needs a basic knowledge of?

Answer 24

photography

Question 25

should be durable and reliable. It must have enough features to fulfill the photographer needs.

Answer 25

cameras

Question 26

Whatever the format of the camera selected, it is essential that the person taking the photographs has experience in what?

Answer 26

taking outdoor photographs under adverse and traumatic conditions.

Question 27

are made by nearly every major manufacturer ophotographic film in the world. They are simple to use. Many have built-in electronic flash. The camera is turned in to the processing laboratory and is not returned to the user.

Answer 27

disposable camera

Question 28

are more versatile than disposable cameras. The ones currently on the market are usually fully automatic and therefore the camera makes focus and exposure adjustments itself. Many have zoom lenses. Some have macro capability.

Answer 28

point and shoot cameras

Question 29

cameras are so called, because a mirror between the camera's lens and the film or light sensor directs the light coming through the lens to a focusing screen that is used by the photographer to compose and focus the photograph.

Answer 29

single lens reflex

Question 30

are extremely useful to investigators. Modern ones are light and compact, and the video digital medium can be edited on a computer using simple to use software.

Answer 30

video camcorders

Question 31

Investigators should use video recorders to record fire- fighting and rescue activities at the accident, to?

Answer 31

make notes during the accident site walkthrough, to record the steps in removal of wreckage, loading it on the vehicles, and unloading the vehicles into a hangar or other storage area.

Question 32

make the task of photographing wreckage easier and help the photographer improve the quality of the photographs.

Answer 32

accessories

Question 33

list of those accessories that are useful to accident investigators

Answer 33

lenses, flash, filters, camera supports, cable/remote release, notebook

Question 34

may be auxiliary, which mount on the camera's primary lens, or interchangeable, in which case, the primary lens is removed, and another is installed.

Answer 34

lenses

Question 35

useful for filling shadows in bright sunlight. Most point and shoot and many single lens reflex cameras have a this built into the camera.

Answer 35

flash

Question 36

These attachments mount on the front of the camera's lens and filter the light that reaches the film or sensor.

Answer 36

filters

Question 37

The filters most useful to investigators are the

Answer 37

UVa, UVb,skylight, and polarizer

Question 38

The most commonly used camera support

Answer 38

tripod

Question 39

This attachment enables the photographer to take the picture without inducing movement in the camera that can cause a blurred image.

Answer 39

cable/remote release

Question 40

Take notes that will allow you to identify each photograph by subject matter and significance. Some cameras also allow for date/time marking which can be useful in record keeping

Answer 40

notebook

Question 41

Some investigators still use film as their recording medium, however, digital media are rapidly taking over chemical filmas the medium of choice for investigations. High quality digital cameras provide clear, top quality photographs that are easy to archive, edit, and insert into briefing materials and reports. They can be transmitted over the internet by simply attaching them to an e-mail.

Answer 41

film and electronic media

Question 42

The investigation at the accident site should begin with this with particular attention to ensuring that major structural and flight control surfaces are within the wreckage pattern.

Answer 42

assessment of the wreckage

Question 43

In a cursory examination of the site determine that the major structural members are present;

Answer 43

wings, vertical and horizontal tail, correct number of engines, correct number of propellers and propeller blades, etc

Question 44

As the initial survey continues, it should be determined whether all flight control surfaces are present as well;

Answer 44

ailerons, flaps, elevators, trim tabs, spoilers, etc.

Question 45

The path of the aircraft may be deduced by?

Answer 45

careful examination of ground marks or scars upon trees, shrubs, rocks, poles, power lines, buildings, etc. Wing tips, propellers or landing gear leave tell-tale marks or torn-off parts at points of contact with fixed objects.

Question 46

what will assist in establishing the angle and attitude in which the aircraft struck the ground?

Answer 46

Ground scars used in conjunction with height of broken trees or brush

Question 47

It is usually possible to form a preliminary mental picture of:

Answer 47

❑ the direction, angle and speed of descent; ❑ whether it was a controlled or uncontrolled descent; ❑ whether the engines were under power at the time of impact; ❑ whether the aircraft was structurally intact at the point of first impact.

Question 48

No piece of wreckage should be disturbed or removed until:

Answer 48

❑ its position is recorded; ❑ an identification number is painted on it on an undamaged area, or in the case of small portions, a ❑ label attached; and ❑ notes are made of the manner in which the piece struck the ground, what the nature of the ground, and whether it hit trees or buildings, etc., prior to this.

Question 49

This is a checklist for photography that can be used at an aircraft accident site. It lists what should be photographed at the beginning of an investigation, before the scene is disturbed. As the investigation progresses, it will be determined, on the basis of the evidence found, if other photographs need to be taken.

Answer 49

Accident Investigator's Photography Checklist

Question 50

Immediately following the mishap.

Answer 50

Fire fighting (Video) Rescue activities (Video) Radar and ATC (Recordings) Weather (forecast and actual conditions)

Question 51

Once the investigation begins

Answer 51

➢ Aerial view of the site (Video) ➢ The site ground view from each cardinal compass position ➢ The site from the direction the aircraft was traveling at impact ➢ Ground scars ➢ Damage to trees and foliage ➢ Skid marks ➢ Photo inventory of major wreckage components ➢ Flight control surfaces and actuators ➢ Landing gear and other hydraulic components ➢ Cockpit switch positions ➢ Fire/heat damage and discoloration ➢ Human remains, injuries, blood/tissue smears on wreckage ➢ Extra items or items adjacent to items not accounted for ➢ Close-ups of fracture surfaces ➢ Close-ups of improperly installed components ➢ Close-ups of any other items you suspect may have contributed to the mishap ➢ Private property damage ➢ Steps in removing, opening or cutting apart components ➢ Any other photos deemed necessary