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APC (Scotland) > Agriculture > Flashcards

Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

What is a croft?

A

A relatively small agricultural landholding unique to Scotland. A croft is usually held in tenancy

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2
Q

Crofting Acts

A

The constitution, powers and duties of the Crofting Commission are set out in The Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993 as amended by the Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act 2010

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3
Q

What are the statutory duties of a crofter?

A
  1. A duty to be ordinarily resident on, or within 32km (20 miles) of their croft
  2. A duty to cultivate and maintain their croft or put it to another purposeful use
  3. A duty not to misuse or neglect their croft
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4
Q

What is a common grazing?

A

Common grazings are areas of land used by a number of crofters and others who hold a right to graze stock on that land

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5
Q

What is decrofting?

A

Decrofting is the term used when land is removed from crofting tenure.

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6
Q

What is assignation of a croft?

A

Assignation is a term used in crofting to describe the permanent transfer of a tenancy from one person to another.

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7
Q

Can a landlord object to this?

A

Landowners have very little control over how the croft land is used as they have very little say over the assignation of crofts and have no rights at all to carry out any agricultural activity on land where there is a crofting tenant.

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8
Q

What is an apportionment?

A

Apportionment is the term used when someone who shares in a common grazing wants to take part of the common grazing for their own exclusive use.

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9
Q

What is croft resumption?

A

The Landlord of a tenanted croft who wishes to remove land from crofting tenure must make an application to the Scottish Land Court. This is called resumption and has the same effect as decrofting.

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10
Q

Typical year if a ewe?

A

November to tup
February scanning
April lambing
Late August/Sep fat lamb sales

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11
Q

How are sheep prices?
Market values of breeding sheep. ewes, and store lambs

A

Breeding - £150/head
Ewe - £80/head
Store lamb - £65/head

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12
Q

What records do you need to keep?

A

Sheep medicine stock
Sheep medicine administration
Tag replacements
First tags
Births
Deaths
Movements
Sales

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13
Q

What tags do sheep need?

A

Unit selling before 10 month a single tag.

After you need two tags, one needs to be electronic.

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14
Q

What happens if you lose a tag?

A

You replace with red tags

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15
Q

What is LFASS?

A

Less favoured Area Support Scheme. Land or remote areas which are difficult to farm and designed for livestock. A minimum amount of stock required.

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16
Q

What is SUSSS?

A

Scottish Upland Sheep Support Scheme.

Payment for keeping hoggs over the winter.

Application deadline 30th November.

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17
Q

What is a store lamb?

A

Buy to put weight on and sell fat

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18
Q

What is a weather lamb?

A

Castrated male tup

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19
Q

What is a Hogg?

A

From New Year to 1 year old

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20
Q

What is a gimmer?

A

1 year old to first lamb

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21
Q

What are current cattle prices?

A
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22
Q

What is the SUSSS payment rate?

A

A flat rate per animal decided in April based on number of applications

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23
Q

What is the LFASS payment?

A

Based on area type and payable area. Minimum payment is £385

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24
Q

What is the price of winter wheat?

A

£180/T yield 8T/ha

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25
Q

What is the price of spring barley?

A

£170/T yield 6T/ha

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26
Q

What is APR?

A

Agricultural Property Relief

27
Q

Life of a crop - stubble to stubble

A

Plough late autumn
Drill and spray with fert and herbicide
Apply nitrogen in winter
Fungicide in spring
Harvest in summer

28
Q

What is the price of OSR?

A

£365/T yield 4T/ha

29
Q

What is a typical crop rotation?

A

Winter barley
Oil seed rape
Winter Wheat
Spring Barley
Grass

30
Q

What is the price of straw?

A

£60/T

31
Q

What is the current rent per acre for grazing land in your area?

A

£35-£45/ac

32
Q

What is the deadline for the BPS, SAF?

A

15th May

33
Q

What are the different payments for BPS entitlements?

A

Region 1: £147.49
Region 2: £32.52
Region 3: £9.43

34
Q

What are the classifications for BPS regions 1, 2 and 3?

A

Region 1 - better quality agricultural land
Region 2 - rough grazing
Region 3 - rough grazing in LFA category A land

35
Q

What is a cover crop?

A

Cover crops are plants that are planted to cover the soil rather than for harvest12345. They serve various purposes, including:
Managing soil erosion
Improving soil fertility
Enhancing soil quality
Controlling pests and diseases
Increasing biodiversity
Supporting water availability
Smothering weeds

36
Q

How to calculate crop loss?

A
37
Q

What is a break crop?

A

They enhance soil health, controlling pests, and promoting sustainability.

38
Q

Spring barley - life cycle

A

March/April sew and fertilise and roll, same day
Then till June spray with fungicide and herbicide
Then late august harvest

39
Q

Winter barley - life cycle

A

Sew late autumn to early September
Spray late April to early May
Harvest mid June to early July

40
Q

What does neglect mean?

A

This refers to the management of the croft which should meet the standards of Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC).

41
Q

Do crofters have alternative options re neglect?

A
42
Q

Can you give me the outputs and variable costs for a winter barley gross margin?

A

£170/T grain, £80/T straw, £503/T seed

43
Q

What does a gross margin look at?

A

Gross margin is the percentage of a company’s revenue that’s retained after direct expenses such as labor and materials have been subtracted. It’s an important profitability measure

The gross margin is determined by deducting the direct variable input costs of growing a crop from the gross income of selling the crop.

44
Q

What is greening?

A

Greening is the requirement to follow certain agricultural practices that are beneficial for the climate and the environment. Greening was introduced to improve the environmental performance of farming

45
Q

What happens if you don’t claim for entitlements for 2 years?

A

From 2024 the year usage rule no longer applies

46
Q

When do you need planning permission for a farm building?

A

Min 1000m2 and 12m high

47
Q

BPS eligibility?

A

Actively farming, have a min of 3 ha, and regions

48
Q

What records would you expect to keep for cattle?

A

Passport and medical records

49
Q

What has been introduced with the agricultural bill?

A

The new Agriculture and Rural Communities (Scotland) Act 2024 aims to help farmers produce more sustainably, support their essential role in climate mitigation, and nature restoration. Targeted towards achieving biodiversity gain and adapting to climate mitigation

So to qualify for the 2025 BPS businesses MUST have in place at least two out of the following completed:
1. An annual Animal Health and Welfare Plan.
2. An annual Integrated Pest Management Plan.
3. A Biodiversity Audit every 5 years.
4. A Carbon Audit every 5 years.
5. Soil Sampling and Analysis. Region 1 land parcels must be sampled once over a five year period. Any soil samples from 1st July 2024 MUST include analysis for soil carbon, pH, Phosphate and Potash as a minimum.

BPS beyond 2025
Will consist of four tiers:
1. Base Level Direct Payment – base entry level payment whilst meeting minimum essential standards.
2. Enhanced Level Direct Payment – also undertaking further activity for nature and climate improvement.
3. Elective Payment – a competitive scheme for targeted actions and undertakings on particular habitats.
4. Complementary Support – for Continuing Professional Development, advice and knowledge transfer.

50
Q

When might you drill oilseed rape?

A

Should be early so perhaps after winter barley or an early maturing wheat variety. Often precede a winter barley crop.

51
Q

What is the purpose of crop rotations?

A

To maintain soil fertility, to control weeds and diseases and to improve soil structure

52
Q

What issues are currently facing British agriculture?

A

Brexit and Trade Uncertainty: Changes in trade agreements have impacted exports, access to EU labor, and regulatory frameworks.

Environmental Regulations: Increasing emphasis on sustainable farming and biodiversity, including carbon emissions reduction.

Rising Costs: Fuel, fertilizer, and feed costs have surged due to inflation and global supply chain disruptions.

Labour Shortages: A shortage of seasonal and skilled workers, worsened by post-Brexit immigration rules.

Climate Change: Extreme weather events affecting crop yields and livestock productivity.

53
Q

What is contract farming?

A

A joint agreement between a landowner or occupier and a contractor. The farmer provides the land, buildings and fixed equipment. The contractor provides the labour and machinery. The parties share the cost of variable inputs and will each receive a baseline fee and a share of the divisible surplus depending on what is stated in the agreement.

54
Q

What are the benefits of contract farming?

A
  • flexibility for the farmer in choosing the right contractor
  • Best possible machinery without investment
  • No need to sign up to a tenancy or employ staff
  • Contractor can expand business without additional land
55
Q

What is a small holding?

A

Owner occupied or tenanted agricultural holding, operating on less than 50 acres.

56
Q

What is a viable unit?

A

A farming unit which (in opinion of the Land Court) is capable of providing an individual occupier with full-time employment and the means to pay the rent.

57
Q

If a traditional tenancy is converted to an LDT or MLDT, what is the minimum term?

A

25 years

58
Q

What must a tenant do in order to have right to buy under a 1991 Act tenancy?

A

Register their interest before the land is put up for sale

59
Q

Who can an agricultural tenancy be left to in a will?

A

A spouse or civil partner, a blood relative, a daughter-in-law or son-in-law

60
Q

When should a notice to quit be served on an agricultural tenancy?

A

Not less than one year and no more than two years before the date of termination.

61
Q

Can a tenant use their land for non-agricultural purposes? Which Act governs this?

A

Yes, the Agricultural Holdings Act 2003 introduced this. The tenant must serve a ‘notice of diversification’ not less than 70 days in advance.

62
Q

What support is there for farming?

A

BPS, SUSS, SAF, SBSS, LFAS, AECS

63
Q

Single Application Form

A

Form you need to fill in if you want to claim payments under schemes

64
Q

Winter Malting Barely claim

A

£245/T Yield 3.4T/ac
Straw was £96/ac Yield 1.85T/ac

APC (Scotland) (9 decks)

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