AGRICULTURAL

Question 1

HUNTING, GATHERING, AND FISHING

Answer 1

• First Tools Clubs
• Bone and Stone Developed Spears
• Trapped Fish
• Cyclical Movements

Question 2

FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Answer 2

10,000 Years Ago —> Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Planting Crops and Domesticating Animals

Note: Enabled People to Settle Down

Question 3

NEW WORLD’S GREAT CONTRIBUTION

Answer 3

Wheat, Rice, Barley, Oats, Coffee, Sugar Cane, Citrus Fruits, Melons, Kentucky Bluegrass

Question 4

ANIMAL DOMESTICATION

Answer 4

advantages include their use as beasts of burden, as a source of meat, and as providers of milk

Question 5

SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

Answer 5

growing only enough food to survive

Note: Land Often Communally Owned

Question 6

SHIFTING CULTIVATION

Answer 6

the process of clearing and burning a plot, farming it for a few years, then moving on and allowing it to regenerate

Note: Also Called “Swidden” or “Slash-and-Burn” Agriculture

Question 7

SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

Answer 7

18th to 20th Century —> Population and Agricultural Yields Increased

surpluses fed thousands of people working in factories over fields

Question 8

GREAT BRITAIN’S ENCLOSURE ACT

Answer 8

encouraged field consolidation into large single-owner holdings

Question 9

SEED DRILL

Answer 9

a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth while dragged by a tractor

Question 10

MECHANIZATION

Answer 10

• Mechanical Reaper Increased Yields by 10 Times
• Advances in Breeding Livestock
• Railroads Moved Crops
• Introduction of Milking Machines

Question 11

THIRD AGRICULTURAL (GREEN) REVOLUTION

Answer 11

20th Century —> Genetically Modifying Seeds and Changing Land-Use Techniques Increase Yields

used biotechnology to create disease-resistant, fast-growing, high-yield seeds, as well as fertilizers and pesticides

Question 12

MONOCROPPING

Answer 12

makes farms vulnerable to changes in climate or the infestation of pests

Question 13

OUTCOMES OF GREEN REVOLUTION

Answer 13

higher inputs of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides caused:
- Reduced Genetic Diversity
- Soil Erosion and Contamination
- Water Shortages
- Reduced Nutritious Crops
- Displacement of Farmers
- Rural Impoverishment

Question 14

ONE-CROP ECONOMY

Answer 14

when a place is dependent on a singular crop

Question 15

GMOs

Answer 15

found in 75% of processed foods; many cultural groups resist invasion of foreign, genetically engineered crops

Question 16

CADASTRAL SYSTEM

Answer 16

the method by which land ownership and property lines are defined

• Metes and Bounds Survey
• Long-Lot Survey

Note: Most Popular U.S. System is Township-and-Range; Farms Shaped by Sections of 6x6 Miles

Question 17

PRIMOGENITURE

Answer 17

the Germanic practice in which all land passes to the eldest son

Question 18

TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL VILLAGES

Answer 18

1. Linear Village: located on dikes and levees
2. Cluster Village: began as small hamlet at intersection of two roads
3. Round Village: used by Slavic farmers then Germanic settlers
4. Walled Village: used as means of protection
5. Grid Village: more modern

Question 19

VON THUNEN ISOLATED STATE MODEL

Answer 19

where crops are planted is related to transportation costs

Question 20

COLD CHAIN

Answer 20

system of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening by controlling temperature from the fields to a grocery store

Question 21

LARGE SCALE CAPITALIST

Answer 21

large scale grain producers,cattle ranchers, and Mediterranean agriculture

Examples: Grapes, Olives, Figs, Dates, Wine Production

Question 22

COMMUNAL SYSTEM

Answer 22

communist / socialist and ejido

Question 23

PLANTATION

Answer 23

seasonal employment focused on a single cash crop; profits go overseas

Examples: Sugar Cane, Cotton, Coffee

Question 24

HACIENDA

Answer 24

in Mexican highlands they grow diversified crops year-round

Question 25

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

Answer 25

the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

Note: Not Better for the Environment

Question 26

ETHANOL

Answer 26

renewable fuel made from plant materials

Question 27

BIODIESEL

Answer 27

renewable fuel made from vegetable oil, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease

Question 28

AGRIBUSINESS

Answer 28

the business that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

Question 29

FAIR TRADE CERTIFICATION

Answer 29

guarantees coffee producers a fair trade price of $1.40 per pound of coffee