AGRICULTURAL Flashcards
HUNTING, GATHERING, AND FISHING
- First Tools Clubs
- Bone and Stone Developed Spears
- Trapped Fish
- Cyclical Movements
FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
10,000 Years Ago —> Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Planting Crops and Domesticating Animals
Note: Enabled People to Settle Down
NEW WORLD’S GREAT CONTRIBUTION
Wheat, Rice, Barley, Oats, Coffee, Sugar Cane, Citrus Fruits, Melons, Kentucky Bluegrass
ANIMAL DOMESTICATION
advantages include their use as beasts of burden, as a source of meat, and as providers of milk
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
growing only enough food to survive
Note: Land Often Communally Owned
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
the process of clearing and burning a plot, farming it for a few years, then moving on and allowing it to regenerate
Note: Also Called “Swidden” or “Slash-and-Burn” Agriculture
SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
18th to 20th Century —> Population and Agricultural Yields Increased
surpluses fed thousands of people working in factories over fields
GREAT BRITAIN’S ENCLOSURE ACT
encouraged field consolidation into large single-owner holdings
SEED DRILL
a device used in agriculture that sows seeds for crops by positioning them in the soil and burying them to a specific depth while dragged by a tractor
MECHANIZATION
- Mechanical Reaper Increased Yields by 10 Times
- Advances in Breeding Livestock
- Railroads Moved Crops
- Introduction of Milking Machines
THIRD AGRICULTURAL (GREEN) REVOLUTION
20th Century —> Genetically Modifying Seeds and Changing Land-Use Techniques Increase Yields
used biotechnology to create disease-resistant, fast-growing, high-yield seeds, as well as fertilizers and pesticides
MONOCROPPING
makes farms vulnerable to changes in climate or the infestation of pests
OUTCOMES OF GREEN REVOLUTION
higher inputs of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides caused:
- Reduced Genetic Diversity
- Soil Erosion and Contamination
- Water Shortages
- Reduced Nutritious Crops
- Displacement of Farmers
- Rural Impoverishment
ONE-CROP ECONOMY
when a place is dependent on a singular crop
GMOs
found in 75% of processed foods; many cultural groups resist invasion of foreign, genetically engineered crops
CADASTRAL SYSTEM
the method by which land ownership and property lines are defined
- Metes and Bounds Survey
- Long-Lot Survey
Note: Most Popular U.S. System is Township-and-Range; Farms Shaped by Sections of 6x6 Miles
PRIMOGENITURE
the Germanic practice in which all land passes to the eldest son
TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL VILLAGES
- Linear Village: located on dikes and levees
- Cluster Village: began as small hamlet at intersection of two roads
- Round Village: used by Slavic farmers then Germanic settlers
- Walled Village: used as means of protection
- Grid Village: more modern
VON THUNEN ISOLATED STATE MODEL
where crops are planted is related to transportation costs
COLD CHAIN
system of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening by controlling temperature from the fields to a grocery store
LARGE SCALE CAPITALIST
large scale grain producers,cattle ranchers, and Mediterranean agriculture
Examples: Grapes, Olives, Figs, Dates, Wine Production
COMMUNAL SYSTEM
communist / socialist and ejido
PLANTATION
seasonal employment focused on a single cash crop; profits go overseas
Examples: Sugar Cane, Cotton, Coffee
HACIENDA
in Mexican highlands they grow diversified crops year-round
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
the production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers
Note: Not Better for the Environment
ETHANOL
renewable fuel made from plant materials
BIODIESEL
renewable fuel made from vegetable oil, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease
AGRIBUSINESS
the business that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry
FAIR TRADE CERTIFICATION
guarantees coffee producers a fair trade price of $1.40 per pound of coffee
