Aging

Question 0

Under the category result of accumulation of injuries theories of aging list the subcategories

Answer 0

Where in tear (accumulation of damage that can’t be repaired)

Cross-linking (cross-linking of protein DNA which leads to cellular damage)

Free radical theory (damage by free radicals)-proteins, DNA, lipid

Somatic DNA damage-mutations that aren’t repaired

Rate of living

Question 1

List the major biological theories of aging

Answer 1

The major theories include;

Result of accumulation of injuries

Result of genetically controlled developmental program

Question 2

Under the major category of result of genetically controlled developmental program cell death-biological theories of aging what are the subcategories

Answer 2

Program longevity (result of gene expression-the pattern of disease expression changes over time)

Endocrine therapy (everything is controlled by hormones)

Immunological (aging is due to the decline of the immune system)

Telomere (progressive shortening of telomeres)

Question 3

There are a few different ways in which we measure age aside from the passage of time list them and give examples of each

Answer 3

Activities of daily living:

Dressing, bathing, eating, transferring, using the toilet, continents

Instrumental ADLs:

Personal finances, meal prep, shopping, traveling, housework, telephone, taking medications

Cognitive ability

Question 4

List the four trajectories of dying/compression of morbidity

Answer 4

Ideal trajectory live a long healthy life and died suddenly at the end (little morbidity at the end of life)

Sudden death, graph looks like a 90° Square

Terminal illness, graph looks like sudden death with around or edge

Organ failure (not ideal), graph looks like a wavy line down

Frailty (not ideal)-like wasting disease, neuroendocrine decline, cognitive decline, decreased protein synthesis, muscle wasting-graph wavy line that starts much lower on the Y access

Question 5

Definitive diagnosis for Alzheimer’s is only achieved through what

Answer 5

Autopsy

Question 6

List and explain the two types of Alzheimer’s

Answer 6

Emilio (early onset)

Early-onset (60-65)

More rapid progression

Specifically patients

Autosomal dominant (half of offspring will have the disease)

Sporadic (late onset)

Late onset (>65)

Complicated genetics

Susceptibility jeans

APOE (Allele for)-85% increased risk chance

Question 7

List the risk factors for developing late onset Alzheimer’s

Answer 7

Arthrosclerosis

Head injury

Estrogen deficit (menopause)

Low education level

Question 8

What protective measures can be taken to lower risk of Alzheimer’s

Answer 8

Physical activity lifelong activity

Antioxidants

Estrogen replacement therapy

Statins

Low calorie diet

Anti-inflammatory agents

Question 9

Amyloid plaques are made from

Answer 9

Beta-amyloid

Question 10

Explain neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 10

TAU proteins (stabilizing agent in the microtubules-becomes unstable. And falls off the microtubules causing loss of integrity of the microtubule network in Alzheimer’s patients)

Question 11

Explain the importance of the amyloid precursor protein

Answer 11

Cleaved by three different enzymes alpha secretase , beta secretase and gamma secretase

Gamma Cleves early-preventing build

Beta Cleves a little later-allowing some beta-amyloid build up

Alpha Cleves much further up causing a larger build up of beta-amyloid

Mutations can occur and cause familial Alzheimer’s

Question 12

What is Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 12

A loss of function and brain size

Abnormal buildup of plaques and tangles