Aging

Question 1

Aging

Answer 1

Progressive physiological process that begins at conception and occurs in all living beings, characterized by anatomical, physiological, psychological and social changes as the years go by.

No one ages the same way

Limitation to adopting with the environment

Question 2

What does it happen?

Answer 2

Intrinsic process interact with the environment
- sun
- water
- diet
- toxins in the air

The mechanisms to repair this start to fail bones, muscles, inmune system weaken, wrinkles loose of memory and diminishing sense

Question 3

Mitochondrial Disfunction

Answer 3

Produce energy in form of adenosine triphosphate

Free radicals and oxidative stress -> side effect of the functioning causing damage to cellular components, including mtDNA, proteins and lipids

Accumulation of damage from oxidative stress and could impair the energy production

Mitochondrial DNA damage -> mtDNA or mDNA; can disrupt the function
(Damage)

Question 4

Mitophagy

Answer 4

Damage mitochondria can stay in the cell instead of being cleared

Mitophagy
Cells destroy old, damaged mitochondria

Damaged mitochondria isn’t able to repair, maintain and multiply accelerating the accumulation and other damages decreasing the production of ATP

Linked to: neurodegenerative disorder, cardiovascular and metabolic conditions

Question 5

Varios random mutations accumulate in their genetic material.

There are two ways to mutate

Answer 5

Genomic instability

Question 6

Two main ways that can occur mutation in genomic instability

Answer 6

-environmental factors
-damage from the inside

Question 7

This kind of damage is caused by external factors, like physical (UV light, radiation), chemical and biological damage (viruses)

Answer 7

Genomic instability
Environmental factors

Question 8

This kind of DNA damage occurs naturally, during replication errors when the DNA is copied, free radicals produced by cellular metabolism, spontaneous chemical reactions, and so on

Answer 8

Genomic instability
Damage from the inside

Question 9

Over time the presence of ________ can contribute to a decline in the efficiency and effectiveness of cellular activities, which can be a factor of aging and susceptibility to age-relate diseases

Answer 9

Accumulated mutations

Question 10

How is called the two protective regions at the ends of DNA

Answer 10

Telomeres

Question 11

How telomeres shorten? and how it affect to DNA

Answer 11

It shorten at each cell division

Because of that they cannot protect the DNA, so it starts to get damaged

Question 12

Number called Hayflick LIMIT

Answer 12

Limited number of times cells can divide and replicate through mitosis

Question 13

When cells reached the limit of replication, enter to this state

Answer 13

Senescence

Or apoptosis (cell die)

Question 14

State in which cells cease to divide and undergo functional changes

Answer 14

SENESCENT CELLS

Question 15

Is a protective mechanism, prevent damaged or mutated cells from continuing replicating and developed to cancer

Answer 15

Cellular senescence

Question 16

Why senescent cells arise in the body during aging

Answer 16

Because during aging the immune system declines, and they normally eliminate senescent cells

Question 17

Senescent cells release signaling molecules that contributes to…

Answer 17

Inflammations
Inflammatory cytokines
Matrix metalloproteinases that break down tissue

Question 18

Studies selectively eliminating or modulating senescent cells to promote healthier aging

Answer 18

Senolytic

Question 19

Special types of cells with the unique ability to divide and differentiate into various specialized cell types

Answer 19

Stem cells

Question 20

They play a crucial role in tissue repair, regeneration, and maintenance throughout life

Answer 20

Stem cells

Question 21

Stem cells have ___ supply and ___ function over time

Answer 21

Finite supply and declined function

Question 22

Process where proteins look for homeostasis, continuously breaking down, recycled and rebuilt

Answer 22

Proteostasis

Question 23

Loss of proteostasis forms … and what causes

Answer 23

Protein heaps or clumps
It inhibit proper function of the cells
Leading to proteotoxicity and death of cells

Question 24

Protein accumulations cause in dif parts of the body:

Answer 24

Alzheimer — brain
Clogg, fragile and + vulnerable vessels — blood vessels
Heart failure
Deteriorate reflexes and temp regulation — nerve cells

Question 25

Low-grade, systemic aging- related state inflammation

Answer 25

Inflammaging

Question 26

chronic, low- grade inflammation that occurs with aging. It is characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 26

Inflammaging

Question 27

These pathways are sensors that our cells use to discern the amount of nutrients present in the body.
The more these pathway are activated by nutrients like amino acids or glucose, the faster we age

Answer 27

Nutrient sensing pathways

Question 28

If cells sens there are plenty of nutrients
They will maintain themselves…

Answer 28

Less well
Shifting into “lazy” modus

Question 29

Scarcity of nutrients put cells into … modus

Answer 29

A maintenance and repair modus

Question 30

are connections or links between proteins that make up our tissues.
Many of these are formed by sugar. When a sugar molecule is positioned between two protein strands.

Answer 30

Crosslinks

Question 31

When proteins are linked in this way, the tissue made up of these proteins becomes stiffer.
These are also called “Advanced Glycation End products” (AGEs).

Answer 31

sugar- Cross linking

Question 32

Crosslinked causes

Answer 32

Skin less flexible - wrinkles
Blood vessels harder and less flexible
Cataract
Decreased kidney function
Pneumonia
Osteoarthritis

Question 33

Abstract shapes
Many foods are very sugary and when
consumed cause high sugar peaks in the
blood, which contribute to…

High glycemic index diet

Answer 33

crosslinking and activating other pro-aging pathways, like nutrient sensing.

Question 34

How to slow down the formation of crosslinks, and therefore reduce aging.

Answer 34

Consuming a diet with little sugars

Question 35

How to slow aging:

Answer 35

-nutritious diet
-active
-avoid tabaco
-moderate drink alcohol
-regular check ups
-know family history
-brain exercises
-wear sunscreen